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Biology Unit 1 > Chapters 1 And 2 EXAM Revision > Flashcards

Chapters 1 And 2 EXAM Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A
  • Organisms are made up of one or more cells.
  • Smallest organisms are single cells, and are the functional units of multicellular organisms.
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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2
Q

What are the two basic types of cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic cells.

- Eukaryotics cells.

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3
Q

List the two main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A
  1. In prokaryotes, organelles are not membrane-bound (organelles are membrane-bound in eukaryotes).
  2. In prokaryotes, most organisms are unicellular (organelles in eukaryotes are all multicellular).
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4
Q

What is the cytoskeleton responsible for?

A
  • Holding shape and structure of a cell.
  • Protecting cell.
  • Helps with movement and stability of a cell.
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5
Q

In what types of cells are cytoskeleton so found?

A

Eukaryotes.

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6
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A
  • Microfilaments.
  • Microtubules.
  • Intermediate filaments.
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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Semi-fluid substance found inside the cell.

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8
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

Encases, cushions and protects the internal organelles.

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9
Q

What cells are cell membranes found in?

A

All cells.

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10
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A
  • Surround the cell.
  • Regulates entrance and exit of substances.
  • Protects inner cell from outside forces.
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11
Q

Which cells have cell walls?

A

Bacteria and plant cells.

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12
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Protect cells (very strong exterior).

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13
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A

Hold many substances (from organic molecules to simple excess water).

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14
Q

What type of vacuole to plants cell have? What is it’s important function?

A

Central/large vacuole. Maintains plant turgidity.

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15
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The process of programmed cell death.

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16
Q

What are three features unique to plant cells?

A
  • Chloroplasts.
  • Central vacuole.
  • Cell wall.
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17
Q

What does um and nm stand for?

A

Micrometer.

Nanometer.

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18
Q

Which is smaller, nanometer or micrometer?

A

Nanometer.

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19
Q

What is a primary cell wall made up of?

A

Cellulose.

20
Q

Which plant cells have a primary cell wall?

A

All plant cells.

21
Q

What are secondary cell walls made up of?

A

Lignin (Makes the secondary cell wall rigid and hard).

22
Q

What plants have cells with a secondary cell wall?

A

Woody plants (Eg. Shrubs and trees).

23
Q

Put in order: Thylakoid, grana, chloroplast, chlorophyll

Largest to smallest

A
  • Chloroplast.
  • Grana.
  • Thylakoid.
  • Chlorophyll.
24
Q

In what two places are the enzymes required for photosynthesis located?

A
  • Chloroplasts.

- Stroma.

25
Q

What three things occur in the processing of proteins within the ROUGH ER.

A
  • Forming of glycoproteins.
  • Folding of proteins into their correct functional shape.
  • Assembling of complex proteins.
26
Q

What does the SMOOTH ER do?

A

Involved in the:

  • Manufacturing of substances.
  • Detoxifying of harmful products.
  • Storage and release of substances.
27
Q

What is a cilia?

A

Found in Eukaryotic cells, whip-like structures formed by the extensions of the plasma membrane involved in synchronised movement.

28
Q

Flagella?

A

Whip-like cell organelles involved in movement.

29
Q

Why do cell membranes a sport substances into and out of cells?

A
  • Important for the maintenance of metabolic processes.
  • Exportation of chemicals produced by cells.
  • Communication with other cells.
30
Q

Define diffusion.

A

The spreading of one substance through another due to the movement of their particles. (Uses no energy as it moves from a region of high concentration to low concentration).

31
Q

What is a selectively permeable barrier?

A

A barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell.

32
Q

Which molecules can diffuse easily through pores/gaps?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
33
Q

Define osmosis.

A

The spontaneous net movement of molecules through a partially permeable barrier to a region of higher concentration, tends to equalize concentrations on two sides (Diffusion of water).

34
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The bulk transport of material into a cell.

35
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The bulk transport of large molecules or particles out of a cell (requires energy).

36
Q

List some similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A
  • Contain chromosomes.
  • Ribosomes are present.
  • Plasma membrane.
  • Cell wall (except for animal cells).
  • Use ATP as a source of energy.
37
Q

What is the purpose of a cell?

A

To carry out metabolic activities/functions to allow for the maintaining and proper functioning of an organism.

38
Q

List the differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

A

Anaerobic: Aerobic:
- No oxygen. - Oxygen
- Rapid ATP production. - Not rapid/slow rate
- Short duration, high intensity. - Can be sustained indefinitely
- Less efficient energy transfer. - More efficient
- 2 ATP:1 glucose. - 34 ATP:1 glucose
- Products: - Products:
> Ethanol + CO2. > CO2
> Lactate + H2O - Vinegar. > H2O

39
Q

What are the 4 stops in the digestive system?

A

Stop 1: Mouth
Stop 2: Oseophagus
Stop 3: Stomach and Small Intestine
Stop 4: Colon, Rectum and Anus

40
Q

What occurs in stop 1 in the process of digestion?

A
  1. Ingestion (consumption or substance)
  2. Mechanical digestion (physical breakdown of food)
  3. Chemical digestion (chemicals in saliva react with food)
41
Q

What occurs in stop 2 in the process of digestion?

A
  1. Food moves down the pharynx
    (Pharynx lets air into the trachea; solids/foods in form of bolus move down the oseophagus)

*Happens through peristalsis

42
Q

What occurs in stop 3 in the process of digestion?

A
  1. Food goes to stomach for:
    > Temporary storage
    > Further digestion
  2. Stomach begins to pump food/liquids into intestines.
  3. As the stomach stretches, gastric juice is secreted.
  4. Pancreas adds enzymes via duodenum in small intestine.
  5. Bile goes to small intestine via bile duct.
  6. Food travels through jejunum and ileum (further breakdown occurs).
  7. Upon reaching the last part of the small intestine, most nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through villi.
43
Q

What occurs in stop 4 in the process of digestion?

A
  1. Remaining food passes through large intestine (colon and rectum).
  2. Colon forms faeces for removal in anus.
44
Q

Define aerobic respiration.

A

The breakdown of glucose to simple, inorganic compounds in the presence of oxygen and with the release of energy that is transferred to ATP.

45
Q

Define anaerobic respiration.

A

Respiration that occurs without the involvement of oxygen; with the end products in human muscle being lactic acid and carbon dioxide.

46
Q

Penocytosis.

A

The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.

Biology Unit 1 (7 decks)

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