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Microbiology > Test 3 Review > Flashcards

Test 3 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of bacteria have porins?

A

Gram negative

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2
Q

If DNA is a ladder, what represents the backbone or sides of the ladder?

A

The sugar-phosphates

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3
Q

In DNA, the 2 strands of nucleic acids are held together by what?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

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4
Q

What is represented by the fluid mosaic model?

A

the structure and function of the cell/plasma membrane

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5
Q

What is a kinase?

A

An enzyme that adds a phosphate group to a molecule

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6
Q

What happens in the catabolism of glucose?

A

Carbon atoms are oxidized

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7
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) does what?

A

Interferes with folic acid (folate) biosynthesis

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8
Q

How would you describe transcription?

A

RNA polymerase makes a single stranded RNA that is complimentary to one strand of DNA

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9
Q

Where is a series of redox reactions in the membrane used?

A

The electron transport chain

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10
Q

What is Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

When ATP is made in the electron transport chain

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11
Q

Which pathway makes ATP via substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Glycolysis and the TCA/Krebs Cycle

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12
Q

What does it mean if a carbon has a lot of electrons orbiting around it?

A

The carbon is very reduced

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13
Q

Which biomolecule usually makes up enzymes in metabolism?

A

Proteins

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14
Q

The TCA cycle does all of the following except:

A

Make ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
Makes lots of reduced coenzymes
Oxidizes carbon atoms from glucose
[Makes ATP via oxidative phosphorylation]
Produces CO2 during the pathway

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15
Q

What is true if ATP is made using an electron transport chain?

A

the ATP was made by oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

What happens in the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP molecules are invested

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17
Q

Where is the external terminal electron acceptor used?

A

The electron transport chain

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18
Q

If a bacterial species uses an electron transport chain that only uses elemental sulfur (S) as a terminal electron acceptor, what is true?

A

the bacteria is using anaerobic respiration

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19
Q

What interferes with Peptidoglycan biosynthesis?

A

Penicillin and other beta lactam antibiotics

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20
Q

What do beta lactamases do?

A

Break down penicillin and other betalactams

21
Q

What oxidizes reduced coenzymes?

A

the electron transport chain

22
Q

Which growth phase is where bacteria are the happiest and growing at their optimum rate?

A

Log

23
Q

How do bacteria evolve by using horizontal gene transmission?

A

Transformation, conjugation, and transduction

24
Q

What is the flow of genetic information between cells?

A

DNA replication

25
Q

If there is no oxygen present and glucose is being catabolized, and there is no ETC, what will happen?

A

NAD will be produced by reducing pyruvate

26
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Molecules involved in lowering the energy of activation

27
Q

Why is ATP a high energy compound?

A

Because it has 3 phosphates next to each other

28
Q

If glycolysis is occurring frequently in a cell, and the cell has to reduce the final partially oxidized end product, what is the reason?

A

the bacteria has run out of oxidized forms of its coenzymes

29
Q

How can bacteria be identified?

A

Fermentation end products

30
Q

What is NADH?

A

Reduced form of the coenzyme NAD

31
Q

What is the production of acetyl CoA from pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

an oxidation that produces CO2

32
Q

What are dehydrogenases?

A

Enzymes that transfer electrons from one molecule to another

33
Q

What is fermentation used to produce?

A

NAD

34
Q

What is Peptidoglycan biosynthesis an example of?

A

Anabolism

35
Q

Which produces the most energy?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
Glycolysis
TCA/ Krebs Cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation <

36
Q

What is lactic acid an example of?

A

Fermentation product

37
Q

What is the end result of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

38
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located?

A

The cytoplasmic/plasma membrane of bacteria

39
Q

What is genetic information flowing between cells an example of?

A

DNA replication

40
Q

Why is Bactrim effective?

A

It inhibits one of the metabolic pathways that produces folic acid

41
Q

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase produce?

A

Acetyl-CoA

42
Q

What is the best way to regenerate NAD for further use?

A

Using the electron transport chain

43
Q

What happens when electrons are passed down the electron transport chain?

A

Protons are pumped across the membrane

44
Q

What is Peptidoglycan made of?

A

Peptides and carbohydrates

45
Q

What process produces fructose-6-PO4?

A

the preparatory phase of glycolysis

46
Q

What does primase do?

A

Initiates the synthesis of RNA to provide a 3’OH group for DNA polymerase

47
Q

How are Streptococcus and Neisseria able to take up DNA molecules?

A

Transformation

48
Q

Where does DNA replication begin?

A

the origin of replication

49
Q

Which pathogen is the sccMec cassette important for in evolving antibiotic resistance in?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Microbiology (7 decks)

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