Bacterial Metabolism

Question 1

What type of metabolism breaks things down?

Answer 1

Catabolism

Question 2

What type of metabolism builds things up?

Answer 2

Anabolism

Question 3

Which component of a redox reaction refers to the loss of electrons ?

Answer 3

Oxidation

Question 4

Which component of redox reactions refers to the gain of electrons?

Answer 4

Reduction

Question 5

What type of medication works by altering (preventing or inhibiting) different metabolic stages?

Answer 5

Antibiotics

Question 6

When bacteria develop defense mechanisms against pharmaceutical drugs, they are termed as?

Answer 6

Antibiotic resistant

Question 7

When certain antibiotics inhibit metabolic pathways that make folate, what effect does the bacteria receive?

Answer 7

the bacteria no longer has the required components to make DNA

Question 8

Which antibiotic is a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole ?

Answer 8

Bactrim

Question 9

What does Bactrim do?

Answer 9

Inhibits folic acid production

Question 10

What does folic acid do?

Answer 10

Forms RNA&DNA and helps in protein metabolism

Question 11

Why do bacteria need to find iron?

Answer 11

It is a cofactor used by proteins, assisting in enzyme activity

Question 12

What is the end goal of catabolic reactions?

Answer 12

To make energy

Question 13

What division of catabolism produces ATP?

Answer 13

Cellular respiration

Question 14

Why is ATP the most important energy made by catabolism?

Answer 14

it is easy to use

Question 15

What type of biomolecule is ATP?

Answer 15

Nucleic acid

Question 16

What type of nucleic acid is ATP?

Answer 16

RNA

Question 17

Is oxidation catabolic or anabolic?

Answer 17

Catabolic

Question 18

Is reduction catabolic or anabolic?

Answer 18

Anabolic

Question 19

In metabolism, the oxidation state of which atom is important for understanding what is happening to a molecule?

Answer 19

Carbon

Question 20

What is the most oxidized form of C?

Answer 20

CO2

Question 21

What is the most reduced form of C?

Answer 21

CH4/Methane

Question 22

In the initiation of glycolysis, how many carbons are in glucose?

Answer 22

6

Question 23

How many pyruvate are formed by the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis?

Answer 23

2

Question 24

How does glucose get metabolized by cells?

Answer 24

Bacteria take up glucose from the environment using a membrane transport system

Question 25

What helps glucose enter the cell?

Answer 25

Porins

Question 26

What can be inferred about a word that ends in “kinase”?

Answer 26

Is is an enzyme that does phosphorylation

Question 27

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 27

The movement of a PO4 onto another molecule

Question 28

The suffix “-ase” refers to what?

Answer 28

Enzymes

Question 29

In translocation, not only does a molecule get transported, but it also gets?

Answer 29

Modified

Question 30

What is one function of phosphorylation?

Answer 30

It primes a molecule for further glycolytic reactions

Question 31

Keeping glucose inside the cell is a function of which process?

Answer 31

Phosphorylation

Question 32

Why are diabetics at risk for dangerous infections?

Answer 32

The high levels of glucose in their bloodstream act as a feeding ground for bacterial growth

Question 33

What type of proteins orient 2 molecules in a way in which they are more likely to interact?

Answer 33

Enzymes

Question 34

What do enzymes do?

Answer 34

Provide a surface/scaffold for efficient molecular interaction

Question 35

What type of enzymatic accessory molecule is used in redox reactions to accept and change electrons?

Answer 35

Cofactors

Question 36

What are examples of coenzymes?

Answer 36

NAD and FAD

Question 37

What are coenzymes?

Answer 37

Organic molecules usually derived from vitamins that help in redox reactions

Question 38

What is important to note about coenzymes?

Answer 38

there are a limited supply of them

Question 39

What are 2 ways to make ATP?

Answer 39

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidation phosphorylation

Question 40

What type of phosphorylation is when a PO4 is transported from a high energy molecule to ADP, making ATP?

Answer 40

Substrate level phosphorylation

Question 41

Which type of phosphorylation uses an electron transport train?

Answer 41

Oxidation phosphorylation

Question 42

Which step of glycolysis requires 2 ATP molecules to restructure the glucose molecule to make fructose?

Answer 42

Preparation stage

Question 43

Which stage of glycolysis has the goal of making glucose more symmetrical?

Answer 43

preparative stage

Question 44

Which step of glycolysis is the oxidation of C atoms of a glucose molecule and the making of ATP?

Answer 44

Energy yielding phase

Question 45

How many total ATP are produced by glycolysis?

Answer 45

4 ATP

Question 46

How many ATP are invested during glycolysis?

Answer 46

2 ATP

Question 47

What determines the fate of pyruvate?

Answer 47

the enzymes that are unavailable

Question 48

Do the enzymes in the citric acid cycle require the presence of O2?

Answer 48

yes

Question 49

Which process is when a partially oxidized molecule (such as pyruvate) is reduced via a coenzyme (such as NADH) to produce an organic acid?

Answer 49

Fermentation

Question 50

Which organic acid is produced by the reduction of pyruvate with the use of NADH?

Answer 50

Lactic acid

Question 51

Which media can detect lactose fermentation?

Answer 51

MacConkey Agar

Question 52

What, in terms of pyruvate, allows bacteria to be identified?

Answer 52

the diversity in fermentation and the products (organic acids) produced

Question 53

Which color result of MacConkey agar is positive for lactose fermentation?

Answer 53

Pink

Question 54

Which color result of MacConkey agar is negative for lactose fermentation?

Answer 54

White

Question 55

Which metabolic process occurs within the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 55

Glycolysis

Question 56

Which metabolic process occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes?

Answer 56

The Krebs Cycle

Question 57

Which theory presents the idea that the mitochondria of eukaryotes were once bacteria?

Answer 57

Endosymbiotic theory

Question 58

Which substance is found in the membrane of eukaryotes to transport pyruvate made in the cytosol?

Answer 58

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 59

Which metabolic process produces high levels of NADH and FADH2?

Answer 59

Krebs Cycle

Question 60

Why would a cell produce a lot of reduced coenzymes?

Answer 60

because the reduced coenzymes have a lot of stored energy

Question 61

Which metabolic stage creates an electrochemical gradient by accepting electrons from the reduced coenzymes produced by Krebs cycle and transferring them between its 4 complexes?

Answer 61

Electron Transport Chain

Question 62

What happens to the reduced coenzymes when they transfer their electrons within the electron transport chain?

Answer 62

They are oxidized

Question 63

Which process is termed as when a molecule is partially oxidized and then reduced in order to generate oxidized forms of coenzymes?

Answer 63

Fermentation

Question 64

Respiration implies the use of which metabolic system?

Answer 64

Electron transport chain

Question 65

Does respiration diminish or generate energy?

Answer 65

Generates

Question 66

Which type of respiration is when O2 is used as a terminal electron acceptor?

Answer 66

Aerobic respiration

Question 67

Which type of respiration is when something beside O2 is used as a terminal electron acceptor?

Answer 67

Anaerobic respiration

Question 68

Which complex of the ETC uses the terminal electron acceptor to donate the electron that was passed through the ETC? In the case of aerobic respiration, O2 is used as a terminal electron acceptor, and the electron of interest comes from H+, so which molecule is produced?

Answer 68

Complex IV H2O

Question 69

At what points of the electron transport chain do we say that a cell is “charged up like a battery?”

Answer 69

When H+ has been pumped across the membrane

Question 70

What does a cell do with the potential energy that is formed by the transfer of H+ across the membrane?

Answer 70

Harness this energy, alongside ATP synthase( enzyme that allows H+ to be transported back into the cell) to force a phosphate onto ADP to make ATP

Question 71

Which metabolic mechanism has the function of making new Peptidoglycan and replicating a cells genome?

Answer 71

Anabolism

Question 72

Why is the production of new Peptidoglycan vital for some bacterial cells?

Answer 72

they need new cell wall material to grow and divide

Question 73

Determining turbidity using a spectrophotometer and counting colonies after serial dilution are methods used to measure what?

Answer 73

Bacterial growth

Question 74

Which stage of the bacterial growth curve presents high levels of nutrients and little waste?

Answer 74

Lag

Question 75

Which stage of the bacterial growth curve presents high levels of nutrients and space?

Answer 75

Log

Question 76

Which stage of the bacterial growth curve presents competition for both space and nutrients?

Answer 76

Stationary

Question 77

Which stage of the bacterial growth curve presents too much waste and not enough nutrients?

Answer 77

Death phase

Question 78

Which stage of bacterial growth curve is when bacteria are trying to adapt to their environment?

Answer 78

Lag

Question 79

Which stage of the BGC has the highest levels of anabolism/ replication? hint: lots of nutrients and space

Answer 79

Log

Question 80

Which type of gene transmission is the inheritance of genetics from parent to offspring?

Answer 80

Vertical gene transmission

Question 81

Which type of gene transmission is when a cell acquires new genetic material through transformation, conjugation, of transduction?

Answer 81

Horizontal gene transmission

Question 82

What type of horizontal gene transmission is when a cell takes up exogenous DNA from the environment?

Answer 82

Transformation

Question 83

What type of horizontal gene transmission is analogous to “bacterial sex”- bacteria use Pili to exchange genetic information?

Answer 83

Conjugation

Question 84

What type of horizontal gene transmission is when bacteria get infected by bacteriophage/ bacterial viruses?

Answer 84

Transduction

Question 85

What does it mean for a bacterial cell to be competent?

Answer 85

Being able to take up DNA from the environment