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Microbiology > Bacterial Metabolism > Flashcards

Bacterial Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of metabolism breaks things down?

A

Catabolism

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2
Q

What type of metabolism builds things up?

A

Anabolism

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3
Q

Which component of a redox reaction refers to the loss of electrons ?

A

Oxidation

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4
Q

Which component of redox reactions refers to the gain of electrons?

A

Reduction

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5
Q

What type of medication works by altering (preventing or inhibiting) different metabolic stages?

A

Antibiotics

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6
Q

When bacteria develop defense mechanisms against pharmaceutical drugs, they are termed as?

A

Antibiotic resistant

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7
Q

When certain antibiotics inhibit metabolic pathways that make folate, what effect does the bacteria receive?

A

the bacteria no longer has the required components to make DNA

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8
Q

Which antibiotic is a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole ?

A

Bactrim

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9
Q

What does Bactrim do?

A

Inhibits folic acid production

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10
Q

What does folic acid do?

A

Forms RNA&DNA and helps in protein metabolism

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11
Q

Why do bacteria need to find iron?

A

It is a cofactor used by proteins, assisting in enzyme activity

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12
Q

What is the end goal of catabolic reactions?

A

To make energy

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13
Q

What division of catabolism produces ATP?

A

Cellular respiration

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14
Q

Why is ATP the most important energy made by catabolism?

A

it is easy to use

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15
Q

What type of biomolecule is ATP?

A

Nucleic acid

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16
Q

What type of nucleic acid is ATP?

A

RNA

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17
Q

Is oxidation catabolic or anabolic?

A

Catabolic

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18
Q

Is reduction catabolic or anabolic?

A

Anabolic

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19
Q

In metabolism, the oxidation state of which atom is important for understanding what is happening to a molecule?

A

Carbon

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20
Q

What is the most oxidized form of C?

A

CO2

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21
Q

What is the most reduced form of C?

A

CH4/Methane

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22
Q

In the initiation of glycolysis, how many carbons are in glucose?

A

6

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23
Q

How many pyruvate are formed by the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis?

A

2

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24
Q

How does glucose get metabolized by cells?

A

Bacteria take up glucose from the environment using a membrane transport system

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25
Q

What helps glucose enter the cell?

A

Porins

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26
Q

What can be inferred about a word that ends in “kinase”?

A

Is is an enzyme that does phosphorylation

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27
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The movement of a PO4 onto another molecule

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28
Q

The suffix “-ase” refers to what?

A

Enzymes

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29
Q

In translocation, not only does a molecule get transported, but it also gets?

A

Modified

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30
Q

What is one function of phosphorylation?

A

It primes a molecule for further glycolytic reactions

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31
Q

Keeping glucose inside the cell is a function of which process?

A

Phosphorylation

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32
Q

Why are diabetics at risk for dangerous infections?

A

The high levels of glucose in their bloodstream act as a feeding ground for bacterial growth

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33
Q

What type of proteins orient 2 molecules in a way in which they are more likely to interact?

A

Enzymes

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34
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Provide a surface/scaffold for efficient molecular interaction

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35
Q

What type of enzymatic accessory molecule is used in redox reactions to accept and change electrons?

A

Cofactors

36
Q

What are examples of coenzymes?

A

NAD and FAD

37
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Organic molecules usually derived from vitamins that help in redox reactions

38
Q

What is important to note about coenzymes?

A

there are a limited supply of them

39
Q

What are 2 ways to make ATP?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidation phosphorylation

40
Q

What type of phosphorylation is when a PO4 is transported from a high energy molecule to ADP, making ATP?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

41
Q

Which type of phosphorylation uses an electron transport train?

A

Oxidation phosphorylation

42
Q

Which step of glycolysis requires 2 ATP molecules to restructure the glucose molecule to make fructose?

A

Preparation stage

43
Q

Which stage of glycolysis has the goal of making glucose more symmetrical?

A

preparative stage

44
Q

Which step of glycolysis is the oxidation of C atoms of a glucose molecule and the making of ATP?

A

Energy yielding phase

45
Q

How many total ATP are produced by glycolysis?

A

4 ATP

46
Q

How many ATP are invested during glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

47
Q

What determines the fate of pyruvate?

A

the enzymes that are unavailable

48
Q

Do the enzymes in the citric acid cycle require the presence of O2?

A

yes

49
Q

Which process is when a partially oxidized molecule (such as pyruvate) is reduced via a coenzyme (such as NADH) to produce an organic acid?

A

Fermentation

50
Q

Which organic acid is produced by the reduction of pyruvate with the use of NADH?

A

Lactic acid

51
Q

Which media can detect lactose fermentation?

A

MacConkey Agar

52
Q

What, in terms of pyruvate, allows bacteria to be identified?

A

the diversity in fermentation and the products (organic acids) produced

53
Q

Which color result of MacConkey agar is positive for lactose fermentation?

A

Pink

54
Q

Which color result of MacConkey agar is negative for lactose fermentation?

A

White

55
Q

Which metabolic process occurs within the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Glycolysis

56
Q

Which metabolic process occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes?

A

The Krebs Cycle

57
Q

Which theory presents the idea that the mitochondria of eukaryotes were once bacteria?

A

Endosymbiotic theory

58
Q

Which substance is found in the membrane of eukaryotes to transport pyruvate made in the cytosol?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

59
Q

Which metabolic process produces high levels of NADH and FADH2?

A

Krebs Cycle

60
Q

Why would a cell produce a lot of reduced coenzymes?

A

because the reduced coenzymes have a lot of stored energy

61
Q

Which metabolic stage creates an electrochemical gradient by accepting electrons from the reduced coenzymes produced by Krebs cycle and transferring them between its 4 complexes?

A

Electron Transport Chain

62
Q

What happens to the reduced coenzymes when they transfer their electrons within the electron transport chain?

A

They are oxidized

63
Q

Which process is termed as when a molecule is partially oxidized and then reduced in order to generate oxidized forms of coenzymes?

A

Fermentation

64
Q

Respiration implies the use of which metabolic system?

A

Electron transport chain

65
Q

Does respiration diminish or generate energy?

A

Generates

66
Q

Which type of respiration is when O2 is used as a terminal electron acceptor?

A

Aerobic respiration

67
Q

Which type of respiration is when something beside O2 is used as a terminal electron acceptor?

A

Anaerobic respiration

68
Q

Which complex of the ETC uses the terminal electron acceptor to donate the electron that was passed through the ETC? In the case of aerobic respiration, O2 is used as a terminal electron acceptor, and the electron of interest comes from H+, so which molecule is produced?

A

Complex IV
H2O

69
Q

At what points of the electron transport chain do we say that a cell is “charged up like a battery?”

A

When H+ has been pumped across the membrane

70
Q

What does a cell do with the potential energy that is formed by the transfer of H+ across the membrane?

A

Harness this energy, alongside ATP synthase( enzyme that allows H+ to be transported back into the cell) to force a phosphate onto ADP to make ATP

71
Q

Which metabolic mechanism has the function of making new Peptidoglycan and replicating a cells genome?

A

Anabolism

72
Q

Why is the production of new Peptidoglycan vital for some bacterial cells?

A

they need new cell wall material to grow and divide

73
Q

Determining turbidity using a spectrophotometer and counting colonies after serial dilution are methods used to measure what?

A

Bacterial growth

74
Q

Which stage of the bacterial growth curve presents high levels of nutrients and little waste?

A

Lag

75
Q

Which stage of the bacterial growth curve presents high levels of nutrients and space?

A

Log

76
Q

Which stage of the bacterial growth curve presents competition for both space and nutrients?

A

Stationary

77
Q

Which stage of the bacterial growth curve presents too much waste and not enough nutrients?

A

Death phase

78
Q

Which stage of bacterial growth curve is when bacteria are trying to adapt to their environment?

A

Lag

79
Q

Which stage of the BGC has the highest levels of anabolism/ replication?
hint: lots of nutrients and space

A

Log

80
Q

Which type of gene transmission is the inheritance of genetics from parent to offspring?

A

Vertical gene transmission

81
Q

Which type of gene transmission is when a cell acquires new genetic material through transformation, conjugation, of transduction?

A

Horizontal gene transmission

82
Q

What type of horizontal gene transmission is when a cell takes up exogenous DNA from the environment?

A

Transformation

83
Q

What type of horizontal gene transmission is analogous to “bacterial sex”- bacteria use Pili to exchange genetic information?

A

Conjugation

84
Q

What type of horizontal gene transmission is when bacteria get infected by bacteriophage/ bacterial viruses?

A

Transduction

85
Q

What does it mean for a bacterial cell to be competent?

A

Being able to take up DNA from the environment

Microbiology (7 decks)

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