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Microbiology > Biomolecules/Cell Biology of Bacteria > Flashcards

Biomolecules/Cell Biology of Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a bond between carbohydrate molecules or a carbohydrate molecule and another group?

A

Glycosidic bond

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2
Q

How are monosaccharides linked?

A

Covalently via glycosidic bonds

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3
Q

Which biomolecule has a function of providing energy via ATP and structure in cells walls/membrane?

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Which biomolecule makes up components of nucleic acids, cell walls of bacteria, and are important energy sources?

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

Which part of a bacterial cell wall is made of carbohydrates? What type of carbohydrate?

A

Peptidoglycan
Polysaccharide

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6
Q

What molecular combination makes up a carbohydrate?

A

Carbon+water=carbohydrate

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7
Q

Where does starch begin to digest?

A

Saliva

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8
Q

Is starch soluble?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What process yields glucose?

A

Photosynthesis

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10
Q

Cellulose is a polymer of which monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

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11
Q

What is the insoluble fiber that is in our food?

A

Cellulose

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12
Q

Which sugar polymer is made of long branched chains of glucose?

A

Glycogen

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13
Q

Which sugar polymer is made of chains of glucose monomers?

A

Cellulose

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14
Q

What determines if a carbohydrate will be starch, cellulose, or glucose?

A

How the molecules are linked

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15
Q

Which form of a carbohydrate is very easy for our bodies to break down?
p.s. we are told to cut back on these for weight loss

A

Starches

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16
Q

What type of cells go to the spleen or the lymph nodes to wait for antigens?

A

B cells

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17
Q

What is the name of a toxin or foreign substance that causes an immune response in the body?

A

Antigen

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18
Q

Which process engulfs an antigen into the B cells for destruction?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

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19
Q

What is found on our cells ( particularly RBCs)?

A

Proteins and CHOs

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20
Q

Where do the proteins on a cells surface come from?

A

DNA

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21
Q

Where do CHOs on a cells surface come from?

A

Enzymes-usually proteins

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22
Q

What is the universal blood type?

A

O-

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23
Q

What are the antigens for blood?

A

Carbohydrates

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24
Q

What condition could occur if an individual were to receive a transfusion of the wrong blood type?

A

Serum sickness

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25
Q

What is the name of the polysaccharide layer that protects bacteria from being destroyed by phagocytic cells?

A

Capsule

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26
Q

What does the capsule do for bacterial colonies?

A

Prevents white blood cells from ingesting and destroying them

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27
Q

What percentage of human infections come from biofilms?

A

80%

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28
Q

What are clusters of bacteria that stick together and usually to a surface, and are embedded in a self-produced matrix?

A

Biofilms

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29
Q

What type of carbohydrates make up the self-produced matrix formed by biofilms?

A

Polysaccharides

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30
Q

What is an example of a biofilm?

A

Slimy rocks in a stream or dental plaque

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31
Q

What are the carbohydrate biopolymers often secreted by cells into the extracellular environment?

A

Bacterial exopolysaccharides

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32
Q

What is the function of exopolysaccharides?

A

To help bacteria cope with harsh environmental conditions

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33
Q

Which biomolecule are very energy dense?

A

Lipids

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34
Q

Which lipid is complex and has a cyclical structure?

A

Cholesterol

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35
Q

Triglycerides are examples of what type of lipid?

A

Simple

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36
Q

What is an example of a complex lipid?

A

Cholesterol

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37
Q

Which type of lipids are important for energy and structure?

A

Complex lipids

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38
Q

What type of biomolecule can be antigens that stimulate antibodies

A

Carbohydrates

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39
Q

What type of biomolecule is used in the pneumococcal vaccine

A

Carbohydrates

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40
Q

The presence of what structures on bacteria can prevent phagocytosis?

A

Capsules

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41
Q

Which process can be termed as the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes.

A

Phagocytosis

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42
Q

Fats, waxes, and oils make up which biomolecule?

A

Lipids

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43
Q

Triglycerides are what type of lipid?

A

Simple

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44
Q

Cholesterol is what type of lipid?

A

Complex

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45
Q

What type of lipid has a 4 ring structure?

A

Complex

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46
Q

What must take place to make a simple lipid?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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47
Q

Which process is the creation of a larger molecule from smaller monomers, where a water molecule is released?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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48
Q

What type of biomolecule is an important structural component of energy sources?

A

Lipids

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49
Q

What is the main components of cell membranes?

A

Phospholipids

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50
Q

How much of a membrane is made of proteins and phospholipids?

A

Approximately 50% phospholipids and 50% proteins

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51
Q

What type of cells have have a greater number of proteins?

A

Neural cells

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52
Q

What portion of the term “fluid mosaic” relates to the the fatty acids found in the phospholipids of a cell membrane?

A

Fluid

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53
Q

Butter is an example of what type of fat?

A

Saturated

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54
Q

Olive oil is an example of what type of fat?

A

Unsaturated fat

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55
Q

What type of fats cannot pack closely together, making them more fluid?

A

Unsaturated fats

56
Q

What would happen if more cholesterol is found in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

The membrane would be less fluid

57
Q

Is the cell membrane semi-permeable?

A

Yes

58
Q

What does it mean to be amphipathic?

A

Partially hydrophobic and hydrophilic

59
Q

Monosaccharides are monomers of which biomolecule?

A

Carbohydrates

60
Q

Glycerol and fatty acids are monomers of which biomolecule?

A

Lipids

61
Q

Amino acids are monomers of which biomolecule?

A

Proteins

62
Q

What is a polymer of carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides

63
Q

Phospholipids, cholesterol, and hormones are polymers of which biomolecule?

A

Lipids

64
Q

Proteins are a polymer of which biomolecule?

A

Proteins

65
Q

Which biomolecule are the information molecules?

A

Nucleic acids

66
Q

Which process is used to make polymers of the biomolecule monomers?

A

Dehydration synthesis

67
Q

What do nucleotides make up?

A

DNA and RNA

68
Q

What component of nucleic acids is made up of sugar, PO4, and a N-base?

A

nucleotides

69
Q

Are adenine and guanine purines or pyrimidines?

A

Purines

70
Q

Are thymine, cytosine, and uracil purines or pyrimidines?

A

Pyrimidines

71
Q

Which nucleic acid is single stranded?

A

RNA

72
Q

Which nucleic acid is double stranded?

A

DNA

73
Q

Which nucleic acid is more unstable because it has 2 OH groups?

A

RNA

74
Q

What type of bonds hold nucleotides together?

A

H-Bonds

75
Q

Which nucleic acid contains thymine?

A

DNA

76
Q

Which nucleic acid contains uracil?

A

RNA

77
Q

Which biomolecule is known as the “work force” of cells?

A

Proteins

78
Q

Which biomolecule is a linear sequence of amino acids?

A

Proteins

79
Q

Proteins usually have how many amino acids?

A

Greater than 100

80
Q

How are proteins linked?

A

Peptide bonds

81
Q

What type of bond is formed between the carbonyl group of 1 molecule and the amino group of another?

A

Peptide bond

82
Q

What type of proteins are involved in metabolism?

A

Globular proteins

83
Q

Why do globular proteins have non-polar amino acids inside?

A

Hydrophobic

84
Q

What are the most important forces in protein structure?

A

Hydrophobic forces

85
Q

What type of forces make up a majority of the forces that determine protein structure?

A

Non-covalent

86
Q

What is the one important covalent interaction that determines protein structure?

A

One between an amino acid and a polypeptide

87
Q

Which 2 amino acids have sulfhydryl groups in their R groups?

A

Methionine and cysteine

88
Q

What is formed when a cysteine forms a covalent linkage with another cysteine in a polypeptide chain?

A

disulfide “bridge”

89
Q

What are infectious proteins that are extremely resistant to desaturation called?

A

Prions

90
Q

CJD, Kuru, and BSE are caused by what type of protein?

A

Prions

91
Q

How is Kuru contracted?

A

Consumption of infected human brain tissue

92
Q

How is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease contracted?

A

Consumption of meat infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

93
Q

What is the normal prion protein conformation?

A

PrPc

94
Q

What is the abnormal prion protein that is associated with CJD, Kuru, and BSE?

A

PrPsc

95
Q

What could the presence of an amino acid, such as proline do in an alpha helix?

A

Disrupt the structure, causing it to be unstable

96
Q

Which structural level of proteins is comprised solely of a linear sequence of amino acids attached by peptide bonds?

A

Primary

97
Q

How can information about the primary structure of a protein be obtained?

A

Through sequencing of the gene that encodes the protein

98
Q

Which structural level of proteins is the regular, recurring arrangement of peptide chains folded by H-bonds into either aHelices or Bsheets?

A

Secondary

99
Q

What is the result of H-bonds folding a peptide chain into a spiral structure, with the chains of amino acids on the outer portion of the spiral edges?

A

an a-helix is produced

100
Q

Which structural level of proteins is the arrangement of proteins in the 3D space?

A

Tertiary

101
Q

A majority of proteins have what structure?

A

Quaternary

102
Q

Which structural level of proteins is a combination of multiple polypeptide chains?

A

Quaternary

103
Q

Why are membrane proteins difficult to study?

A

Because of their hydrophobic surfaces, flexibility, and lack of stability

104
Q

What are the microscopic portions of bacterial cells that can be associated with protein translocation( the process by which proteins move between organelles)?

A

TSSS (type six secretion system)

105
Q

What is the process in which the location of a bacterial cells TSSS corresponds with the activity of an adjacent cells TSSS?

A

Dualing

106
Q

What prevents the attacking of an adjacent cells TSSS from being lethal?

A

Immunity proteins

107
Q

Which system in a bacterial cell is very efficient at detecting and killing ONLY an attacking cell?

A

TSSS

108
Q

Which external component of bacterial cells prevents innate immune cells from phagocytosing the bacteria?

A

Capsule

109
Q

What can occur when multiple bacteria form a community and an exopolysaccharide layer is secreted to protect the bacterial colony?

A

Formation of a biofilm

110
Q

Which proteinaceous appendage is used for maximized motility and in some cases attachment?

A

Flagella

111
Q

Which distinction of flagella has one strand on one end?

A

Single polar flagella

112
Q

Which distinction of flagella is usually defined by a single flagella on both ends?

A

Bipolar flagella

113
Q

Which distinction of flagella consists of a tuft of flagella at one or both ends?

A

Lophotrichous flagella

114
Q

What type of flagella has flagella all around the length of the bacteria?

A

Peritrichous flagella

115
Q

What is an example of peritrichous flagella?

A

Salmonella

116
Q

What type of proteinaceous appendage is made up of several proteins and can be used for attachment to biotic and/or abiotic surfaces?

A

Pili

117
Q

What type of motility is utilized by bacterial cells with pili on their exterior?

A

“Twitching” motility

118
Q

What component of the exterior of bacterial cells can be used for exchange of genetic information between cells?

A

Pili

119
Q

What is the name for transfer of DNA between bacteria?

A

Conjugation or “bacterial sex”

120
Q

What can be used to determine if bacteria have Pili or flagella?

A

Motility assays

121
Q

What is a component that determines shapes of bacteria?

A

peptidoglycan in the cell wall

122
Q

Rod shaped?

A

Bacilli

123
Q

Spherical bacteria?

A

Cocci

124
Q

Curved bacteria?

A

Spirillum

125
Q

Cork-screw shaped bacteria?

A

Spirochete

126
Q

Can bacteria change their shape?

A

Yes, in some cases

127
Q

What type of disulfide bond is formed within the SAME polypeptide?

A

Intrachain disulfide bonds

128
Q

What type of disulfide bond is formed between 2 or more polypeptides?

A

Interchain disulfide bonds

129
Q

What 3 classes can the R groups of amino acids be divided into?

A

Nonpolar, polar and uncharged, and polar and charged

130
Q

What is the loss/destruction of higher level/order protein structure?

A

Denaturation

131
Q

Why is the destruction of protein structure detrimental?

A

It also affects the function

132
Q

Which mechanism can be used to disinfect thing by denaturing proteins?

A

Boiling

133
Q

What can be used to treat bacterial toxins, to make toxoids?

A

Harsh chemicals, such as formaldehyde

134
Q

What type of proteins can be used in vaccines?

A

toxoids

135
Q

What is the name of the proteins that transport small molecules?

A

Porins or trimeric

136
Q

What type of bacterial cell walls are porins found in?

A

Gram -

Microbiology (7 decks)

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