Biomolecules/Cell Biology of Bacteria Flashcards
1
Q
What is a bond between carbohydrate molecules or a carbohydrate molecule and another group?
A
Glycosidic bond
2
Q
How are monosaccharides linked?
A
Covalently via glycosidic bonds
3
Q
Which biomolecule has a function of providing energy via ATP and structure in cells walls/membrane?
A
Carbohydrates
4
Q
Which biomolecule makes up components of nucleic acids, cell walls of bacteria, and are important energy sources?
A
Carbohydrates
5
Q
Which part of a bacterial cell wall is made of carbohydrates? What type of carbohydrate?
A
Peptidoglycan
Polysaccharide
6
Q
What molecular combination makes up a carbohydrate?
A
Carbon+water=carbohydrate
7
Q
Where does starch begin to digest?
A
Saliva
8
Q
Is starch soluble?
A
Yes
9
Q
What process yields glucose?
A
Photosynthesis
10
Q
Cellulose is a polymer of which monosaccharide?
A
Glucose
11
Q
What is the insoluble fiber that is in our food?
A
Cellulose
12
Q
Which sugar polymer is made of long branched chains of glucose?
A
Glycogen
13
Q
Which sugar polymer is made of chains of glucose monomers?
A
Cellulose
14
Q
What determines if a carbohydrate will be starch, cellulose, or glucose?
A
How the molecules are linked
15
Q
Which form of a carbohydrate is very easy for our bodies to break down?
p.s. we are told to cut back on these for weight loss
A
Starches
16
Q
What type of cells go to the spleen or the lymph nodes to wait for antigens?
A
B cells
17
Q
What is the name of a toxin or foreign substance that causes an immune response in the body?
A
Antigen
18
Q
Which process engulfs an antigen into the B cells for destruction?
A
Receptor mediated endocytosis
19
Q
What is found on our cells ( particularly RBCs)?
A
Proteins and CHOs
20
Q
Where do the proteins on a cells surface come from?
A
DNA
21
Q
Where do CHOs on a cells surface come from?
A
Enzymes-usually proteins
22
Q
What is the universal blood type?
A
O-
23
Q
What are the antigens for blood?
A
Carbohydrates
24
Q
What condition could occur if an individual were to receive a transfusion of the wrong blood type?
A
Serum sickness
25
What is the name of the polysaccharide layer that protects bacteria from being destroyed by phagocytic cells?
Capsule
26
What does the capsule do for bacterial colonies?
Prevents white blood cells from ingesting and destroying them
27
What percentage of human infections come from biofilms?
80%
28
What are clusters of bacteria that stick together and usually to a surface, and are embedded in a self-produced matrix?
Biofilms
29
What type of carbohydrates make up the self-produced matrix formed by biofilms?
Polysaccharides
30
What is an example of a biofilm?
Slimy rocks in a stream or dental plaque
31
What are the carbohydrate biopolymers often secreted by cells into the extracellular environment?
Bacterial exopolysaccharides
32
What is the function of exopolysaccharides?
To help bacteria cope with harsh environmental conditions
33
Which biomolecule are very energy dense?
Lipids
34
Which lipid is complex and has a cyclical structure?
Cholesterol
35
Triglycerides are examples of what type of lipid?
Simple
36
What is an example of a complex lipid?
Cholesterol
37
Which type of lipids are important for energy and structure?
Complex lipids
38
What type of biomolecule can be antigens that stimulate antibodies
Carbohydrates
39
What type of biomolecule is used in the pneumococcal vaccine
Carbohydrates
40
The presence of what structures on bacteria can prevent phagocytosis?
Capsules
41
Which process can be termed as the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes.
Phagocytosis
42
Fats, waxes, and oils make up which biomolecule?
Lipids
43
Triglycerides are what type of lipid?
Simple
44
Cholesterol is what type of lipid?
Complex
45
What type of lipid has a 4 ring structure?
Complex
46
What must take place to make a simple lipid?
Dehydration synthesis
47
Which process is the creation of a larger molecule from smaller monomers, where a water molecule is released?
Dehydration synthesis
48
What type of biomolecule is an important structural component of energy sources?
Lipids
49
What is the main components of cell membranes?
Phospholipids
50
How much of a membrane is made of proteins and phospholipids?
Approximately 50% phospholipids and 50% proteins
51
What type of cells have have a greater number of proteins?
Neural cells
52
What portion of the term “fluid mosaic” relates to the the fatty acids found in the phospholipids of a cell membrane?
Fluid
53
Butter is an example of what type of fat?
Saturated
54
Olive oil is an example of what type of fat?
Unsaturated fat
55
What type of fats cannot pack closely together, making them more fluid?
Unsaturated fats
56
What would happen if more cholesterol is found in the phospholipid bilayer?
The membrane would be less fluid
57
Is the cell membrane semi-permeable?
Yes
58
What does it mean to be amphipathic?
Partially hydrophobic and hydrophilic
59
Monosaccharides are monomers of which biomolecule?
Carbohydrates
60
Glycerol and fatty acids are monomers of which biomolecule?
Lipids
61
Amino acids are monomers of which biomolecule?
Proteins
62
What is a polymer of carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides
63
Phospholipids, cholesterol, and hormones are polymers of which biomolecule?
Lipids
64
Proteins are a polymer of which biomolecule?
Proteins
65
Which biomolecule are the information molecules?
Nucleic acids
66
Which process is used to make polymers of the biomolecule monomers?
Dehydration synthesis
67
What do nucleotides make up?
DNA and RNA
68
What component of nucleic acids is made up of sugar, PO4, and a N-base?
nucleotides
69
Are adenine and guanine purines or pyrimidines?
Purines
70
Are thymine, cytosine, and uracil purines or pyrimidines?
Pyrimidines
71
Which nucleic acid is single stranded?
RNA
72
Which nucleic acid is double stranded?
DNA
73
Which nucleic acid is more unstable because it has 2 OH groups?
RNA
74
What type of bonds hold nucleotides together?
H-Bonds
75
Which nucleic acid contains thymine?
DNA
76
Which nucleic acid contains uracil?
RNA
77
Which biomolecule is known as the “work force” of cells?
Proteins
78
Which biomolecule is a linear sequence of amino acids?
Proteins
79
Proteins usually have how many amino acids?
Greater than 100
80
How are proteins linked?
Peptide bonds
81
What type of bond is formed between the carbonyl group of 1 molecule and the amino group of another?
Peptide bond
82
What type of proteins are involved in metabolism?
Globular proteins
83
Why do globular proteins have non-polar amino acids inside?
Hydrophobic
84
What are the most important forces in protein structure?
Hydrophobic forces
85
What type of forces make up a majority of the forces that determine protein structure?
Non-covalent
86
What is the one important covalent interaction that determines protein structure?
One between an amino acid and a polypeptide
87
Which 2 amino acids have sulfhydryl groups in their R groups?
Methionine and cysteine
88
What is formed when a cysteine forms a covalent linkage with another cysteine in a polypeptide chain?
disulfide “bridge”
89
What are infectious proteins that are extremely resistant to desaturation called?
Prions
90
CJD, Kuru, and BSE are caused by what type of protein?
Prions
91
How is Kuru contracted?
Consumption of infected human brain tissue
92
How is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease contracted?
Consumption of meat infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
93
What is the normal prion protein conformation?
PrPc
94
What is the abnormal prion protein that is associated with CJD, Kuru, and BSE?
PrPsc
95
What could the presence of an amino acid, such as proline do in an alpha helix?
Disrupt the structure, causing it to be unstable
96
Which structural level of proteins is comprised solely of a linear sequence of amino acids attached by peptide bonds?
Primary
97
How can information about the primary structure of a protein be obtained?
Through sequencing of the gene that encodes the protein
98
Which structural level of proteins is the regular, recurring arrangement of peptide chains folded by H-bonds into either aHelices or Bsheets?
Secondary
99
What is the result of H-bonds folding a peptide chain into a spiral structure, with the chains of amino acids on the outer portion of the spiral edges?
an a-helix is produced
100
Which structural level of proteins is the arrangement of proteins in the 3D space?
Tertiary
101
A majority of proteins have what structure?
Quaternary
102
Which structural level of proteins is a combination of multiple polypeptide chains?
Quaternary
103
Why are membrane proteins difficult to study?
Because of their hydrophobic surfaces, flexibility, and lack of stability
104
What are the microscopic portions of bacterial cells that can be associated with protein translocation( the process by which proteins move between organelles)?
TSSS (type six secretion system)
105
What is the process in which the location of a bacterial cells TSSS corresponds with the activity of an adjacent cells TSSS?
Dualing
106
What prevents the attacking of an adjacent cells TSSS from being lethal?
Immunity proteins
107
Which system in a bacterial cell is very efficient at detecting and killing ONLY an attacking cell?
TSSS
108
Which external component of bacterial cells prevents innate immune cells from phagocytosing the bacteria?
Capsule
109
What can occur when multiple bacteria form a community and an exopolysaccharide layer is secreted to protect the bacterial colony?
Formation of a biofilm
110
Which proteinaceous appendage is used for maximized motility and in some cases attachment?
Flagella
111
Which distinction of flagella has one strand on one end?
Single polar flagella
112
Which distinction of flagella is usually defined by a single flagella on both ends?
Bipolar flagella
113
Which distinction of flagella consists of a tuft of flagella at one or both ends?
Lophotrichous flagella
114
What type of flagella has flagella all around the length of the bacteria?
Peritrichous flagella
115
What is an example of peritrichous flagella?
Salmonella
116
What type of proteinaceous appendage is made up of several proteins and can be used for attachment to biotic and/or abiotic surfaces?
Pili
117
What type of motility is utilized by bacterial cells with pili on their exterior?
“Twitching” motility
118
What component of the exterior of bacterial cells can be used for exchange of genetic information between cells?
Pili
119
What is the name for transfer of DNA between bacteria?
Conjugation or “bacterial sex”
120
What can be used to determine if bacteria have Pili or flagella?
Motility assays
121
What is a component that determines shapes of bacteria?
peptidoglycan in the cell wall
122
Rod shaped?
Bacilli
123
Spherical bacteria?
Cocci
124
Curved bacteria?
Spirillum
125
Cork-screw shaped bacteria?
Spirochete
126
Can bacteria change their shape?
Yes, in some cases
127
What type of disulfide bond is formed within the SAME polypeptide?
Intrachain disulfide bonds
128
What type of disulfide bond is formed between 2 or more polypeptides?
Interchain disulfide bonds
129
What 3 classes can the R groups of amino acids be divided into?
Nonpolar, polar and uncharged, and polar and charged
130
What is the loss/destruction of higher level/order protein structure?
Denaturation
131
Why is the destruction of protein structure detrimental?
It also affects the function
132
Which mechanism can be used to disinfect thing by denaturing proteins?
Boiling
133
What can be used to treat bacterial toxins, to make toxoids?
Harsh chemicals, such as formaldehyde
134
What type of proteins can be used in vaccines?
toxoids
135
What is the name of the proteins that transport small molecules?
Porins or trimeric
136
What type of bacterial cell walls are porins found in?
Gram -
