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AnP (I) > TEST 3 REPRO THEORY > Flashcards

TEST 3 REPRO THEORY Flashcards

1
Q

ovaries

A

oval-shaped organs, lies in ovarian fossa

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2
Q

ligamentous

A

supports ovarian and suspensory ligaments

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3
Q

ovarian ligaments

A

connects ovary to uterus

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4
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

connects ovary to pelvic wall - carries blood supply (ovarian artery and vein) to ovary

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5
Q

ovaries functions

A

produce gametes and secretes hormones - oestrogen (B.O) and progesterone (A.O)

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6
Q

fallopian tubes

A

infundibulum (funnel-shaped with fimbriae), ampulla (widest - fertilization), isthmus, intramural

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7
Q

fallopian tubes functions

A

pick up ovum (fimbria), fertilization, passage and nourishment (for ovum, sperm and embryo)

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8
Q

uterus

A

fundus, body, isthmus, cervix

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9
Q

layers of the uterus

A

endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium

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10
Q

uterus functions

A

nutrition support, accommodation for fetus and contracts during labour

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11
Q

cervix functions

A

passage for sperm, menses, cervical plug, holds tight during pregnancy

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12
Q

vagina

A

elastic muscular tube; 9-10 cm in length; 45 degrees angle backwards

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13
Q

vagina lined by

A

stratified squamous epithelium; has acidity –> glycogen digested by the lactobacillus

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14
Q

breast

A

internal - glandular tissue (oxytocin - ejection of milk and prolactin - secretion of milk)

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15
Q

reproductive cycles

A

menarche, reproductive years, menopause
preovulation, ovulation, postovulation

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16
Q

menarche

A

onset of menstruation - only 400,000 follicles in ovary

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17
Q

reproductive years

A

from puberty till menopause where monthly one follicle matures to release ovum

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18
Q

menopause

A

cessation of menstruation - all follicles used up

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19
Q

preovulation

A

menstrual phase (uterus): shedding of functional layer

follicular phase (ovary): GnRH –> FSH –> grow follicle (growing follicle –> oestrogen)

proliferative (uterus) - oestrogen –> proliferate the functional endometrium

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20
Q

ovulation

A

LH surge –> graafian follicle to release ovum; remnant of follicle –> corpus luteum

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21
Q

postovulation

A

Luteal phase (ovary) - LH maintains corpus luteum in ovary secretes progesterone.

Secretory phase (uterus) – progesterone maintains the lining for implantation.

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22
Q

hormones

A

GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing horomones), FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

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23
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormones from hypothalamus- Stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH

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24
Q

FSH

A

FSH from pituitary (Follicle stimulating hormone) - Stimulates follicle in ovary –> growing follicle –> oestrogen

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25
Q

LH

A

LH from pituitary (Luteinizing hormone) -Stimulates corpus luteum in ovary –> Corpus luteum –> Progesterone

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26
Q

HCG

A

HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) - secreted by placenta; tested for pregnancy in urine

27
Q

testes

A

divided into compartments with seminiferous tubules which has sustentacular, interstitial cells and spermatogonia

28
Q

sustentacular

A

sertoli cells - nourish developing sperms

29
Q

interstitial

A

leydig’s cells - produce testosterone

30
Q

spermatogonia

A

produce sperms/ spermatozoa, sperm- head, acrosomal cap, midpiece (mitochondria), tail

31
Q

epididymis

A

7m, continues as vas deferens

32
Q

epididymis functions

A

storage and maturation of sperms

33
Q

vas deferens

A

40cm long, Starts from tail of epididymis –> ascends through inguinal canal –> curves behind bladder & arches over ureters –> joins with seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct and ends in prostatic urethra.

34
Q

vas deferens functions

A

stores sperms and propels sperms via peristalsis

35
Q

spermatic cord

A

vas deferens, testicular artery, lymphatics / nerves and pampiniform plexus

36
Q

prostrate

A

Sits on neck bladder encircles prostatic urethra which receives ejaculatory duct

37
Q

prostatic fluid

A
  • is alkaline and makes 30% of volume of semen
  • contains seminal plasmin (antibiotic), prostatic specific antigen (keeps semen in liquid form)
38
Q

seminal vesicles

A

elongated tubular glands, located behind bladder

39
Q

seminal vesicles function

A

produces seminal fluid

40
Q

seminal fluid

A

60% of semen volume - mild alkaline

Has fructose (nourishes sperm), prostaglandins and fibrinogen (clots the semen after ejaculation)

Semen content: Sperm 2 – 5 %; seminal fluid 60%; Prostate 30%; Bulbourethral gland 1- 5%

41
Q

penis

A

3 columns of erectile tissue: 1 corpus spongiosum has urethra and 2 corpora cavernosa (erection)

42
Q

fertilisation

A

Process of union of haploid male & female gametes

Fertilization occurs usually within 12 - 24 hours after ovulation

Stages: zygote –> 2 cell stage –> 4 cell stage –> morula –> blastocyst

43
Q

implantation

A

By day 6- 7 –> Blastocyst formed reaches and implants in endometrium (fundus)

Blastocyst has an inner cell mass (embryoblast –> embryo) and an outer cell mass (trophoblast –> placenta)

44
Q

placenta

A

temporary organ that develops in uterus during pregnancy

45
Q

placenta surfaces

A

fetal and maternal

46
Q

fetal surface

A

glistening appearance with umbilical cord attached in the centre

47
Q

maternal surface

A

meaty appearance, has 20 lobes /cotyledons (contain chorionic villi)

48
Q

umbilical cord

A

50cm; connects fetus to placenta

49
Q

umbilical cord contains

A

2 umbilical arteries, 1 umbilical vein (oxygenated blood) and Wharton’s Jelly

50
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

Implantation of blastocyst occurs outside the uterus

51
Q

possible implantation sites for ectopic pregnancy

A

Fallopian tubes, ovary, cervix and peritoneal cavity

52
Q

maternal changes in uterus during pregnancy

A

Increase in size (pelvic organ to abdominal organ), weight (1000g)

Displaces intestines, pushes up diaphragm, widens thorax and compresses ureters & bladder

Cervix – softening and formation of cervical plug

Vagina – hypertrophy and increased shedding-> vaginal discharge

53
Q

maternal changes in haematological changes during pregnancy

A

RBC and WBC production increases and physiological anaemia

Clotting factors increase –> increased risk of DVT

54
Q

maternal changes in heart during pregnancy

A

Increase slightly in size; Increase in heart rate and cardiac output

55
Q

maternal changes in respiratory aspect during pregnancy

A

increases thoracic circumference and increased respiratory rate

56
Q

maternal changes in GI system during pregnancy

A

Progesterone causing smooth muscle relaxation –> causes decreased peristalsis, constipation, reduced tone
of oesophageal sphincter- reflux, nausea vomiting.

57
Q

maternal changes in renal system during pregnancy

A

increases in renal plasma flow (increases urine)and GFR

58
Q

maternal changes in abdomen during pregnancy

A

Everted umbilicus, Linea nigra (hyperpigmentation), striae gravidarum (stretching of collagen)

59
Q

maternal changes in breast during pregnancy

A

Enlarges (under influence of prolactin)
- relaxation and increased mobility of joints, flushed skin, leg swelling and weight gain (< than12kg)

60
Q

female pelvis

A

3 types: gynaecoid (most common), anthropoid, android, platypelloid

61
Q

labor

A

Process of expulsion of products of conception from uterus to the exterior

62
Q

false labor

A

Irregular, not persistent contractions (Braxton Hicks contractions); Occurs in third trimester

Usually provoked by constipation or UTI; relieved after the provoking factor is removed/ resting

63
Q

true labor

A

Regular, painful contractions (pain starts from the back) ; occurs at term

Associated with cervical show and progressive dilation & effacement of cervix

64
Q

stages of labor

A

1st stage - Stage of closed cervix to fully dilated cervix ; 12 hrs in primi, 6 hrs in multi
- Cervix undergoes effacement and dilation; Amniotic bag ruptures

2nd stage - Stage of fully dilated cervix to expulsion of fetus; 2 hrs in primi, 1 hrs in multi
- Contractions increase; 2 – 3 minute intervals, each contraction lasts 1 min, lasts less than 2 hours
- Primary uterine force and secondary abdominal muscle force causes the expulsion.

3rd stage -Stage of expulsion of fetus to expulsion of placenta; 1 hrs in primi, 1/2 hr in multi
- Normal - Loss of 500 blood.
- More than 500ml within the first 24 hours following childbirth is called as post partum haemorrhage

AnP (I) (14 decks)

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