TEST 1 THEORY : Intro-Tissue Flashcards
anatomy is the study of
the structure of the human body
anatomy is divided into
gross and microscopic anatomy
gross anatomy is divided into
surface, regional and systemic
microscopic anatomy is divided into
cytology and histology
cytology is the study of
cells
histology is the study of
tissues
physiology is the study of
the functions of the body
cell physiology is the study of
the individual cell
histophysiology is the study of
a group of cells functioning together
system physiology is the study of
how the cell and tissues join together to form the organ
pathophysiology is the study of
when an organ/system is not functioning well
levels of organisation
chemical–cellular–tissue–organ–organ system–organism
right hypochondrium
liver, gallbladder
epigastrium
stomach, liver
left hypochondrium
spleen, stomach
right lumbar
right kidney, intestine
umbilical
intestines
left lumbar
left kidney, intestine
right iliac
appendix, intestines, ovaries
hypogastrium
urinary bladder, uterus
left iliac
intestines, ovaries
pain in hypogastric
bladder infection
pain in lumbar
renal stones
pain in epigastric
gastritis
anatomical position
face looking forwards, arms by sides with palms forward, feet together with toes forward
supine
face up
prone
face down
sagittal
dividing into right and left
frontal
dividing into anterior and posterior
transverse
dividing into superior and inferior
atomic number
number of protons
mass number
number of protons and neutrons
elements
substance that consists entirely of atoms with same atomic no.; cannot be broken down into simpler substances
molecules
chemical that contains more than 1 atom
compounds
contain atoms of more than 1 element; properties are diff. from original elements
isotopes
variant of chemical element with diff. no. of neutrons
radioisotopes
contain unstable nuclei that emit radiation; used for medical investigations and treatment
inert elements (helium, neon)
elements with completely filled outer shells
ions
element with incompletely filled outer shells
cation
positively charged ions
anion
negatively charged ions
bonds
forces of attraction that hold the atoms of a molecule together
ionic bonds
formed between anions and cation held together by their opposite charges (donation of electron)
covalent bonds
formed between atoms when they share electrons
covalent bond types
number of electrons shared (single, double, triple). strength of bond (polar and non-polar)
inorganic compound - water
excellent solvent, high heat capacity and essential reactant in chemical reactions of living things
organic compounds
contain C, H, O
4 main classes of large organic molecules
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids
carbohydrates
- C, H, O in ratio of 1:2:1
- important energy source
- <3% of body weight
monosaccharides (single unit carbohydrate)
glucose, fructose and galactose
disaccharides (dual unit carbohydrate)
sucrose (fructose + glucose), maltose (glucose + glucose), lactose (galactose + glucose)
polysaccharides (multiple carbohydrate unit)
glycogen (animals), starch and cellulose (plants)
proteins
- C, H, O, N
- 20% of body weight
- amino acids: basic unit connected by peptide bonds
- denaturation: disruption of structure makes it non-functional
functions of proteins
support, transport, enzymes, defense
lipids
- C, H, O
- <12% of body weight
- fatty acids is the basic unit
type of fats
- saturated (solid at room temp.)
- unsaturated (liq. at room temp.)
- trans
functions of fats
- structure
- energy
- insulation, cushion
nucleic acids
- C, H, O, N, P
- nucleotide - basic unit- phosphate group + sugar + nitrogenous base
Differences in DNA and RNA in terms of sugar
DNA has deoxy ribose while RNA has ribose
Differences in DNA and RNA in terms of strands
DNA has two strands while RNA has one strand only.
Differences of DNA and RNA In terms of base difference
DNA has thymine while RNA has uracil.
Differences of DNA and RNA in terms of function
DNA is for inheritance while RNA is for protein synthesis
high-energy compound
contains 2 high energy bonds
adenosine triphosphate–>adenosine diophosphate
cell is made up of
cell membrane and organelles
cell membrane components
- phospholipids (bilayer)
- proteins: surface & transmembrane protein
- carbohydrates: glycolipid and glycoprotein
phospholipids have a — tail and — head
hydrophobic, hydrophilic
Passive transport
- Requires no energy
- Molecules flow across the membrane by diffusion
- No ATP required
- Eliminate local concentration gradients
Active transport
- Requires energy
- Molecules are pumped across the membrane
- ATP required
Examples of Passive transport
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
- Filtration
Diffusion
Movement of solute from higher to lower concentration
Simple diffusion
Direct through cell membrane
Facilitated diffusion
Through a channel
Osmosis
Movement of water from the higher to lower concentration through semi-permeable membrane
Example of simple diffusion
Gases exchange
Osmosis example
RBC hypotonic expand, RBC hypertonic shrink and RBC no change in isotonic
Active transport examples
- Active channel transport
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Bulk transport into the cell; one solid, one liquid
Exocytosis
Bulk transport of substance out of the cell, elimination of the substance; secretion, cellular waste
Phagocytosis
Bulk transport of solids
Pinocytosis
Bulk transport of liquids
Nucleus found in
RBCs, stores genetic information
Nucleolus…
produces ribosomes
nuclear envelope has
nuclear pores - allows movement of RNA, ribosomes
Golgi appartus that is
rich in glands, packages proteins into vesicles
mitochondria that is
rich in muscle, produces ATP, has crista and matrix
microvilli found in
intestine, renal tubules; finger-like extension - increases surface area and absorption
cilia that is found in the
sperm; larger version of cilia
rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer)
rich in glands; has ribosomes - for synthesis of proteins
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser)
rich in liver; detoxification
lysosomes found
rich in WBCs - phagocytosis; strong enzymes, digests foreign substance/dead organelles
mitosis
mother cell give birth to two identical daughter cells which have same set of chromosomes
m phase
mitosis (pmat) + cytokinesis
mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
what happens during prophase?
chromosome duplicate; centriole will appear
what happens during metaphase?
chromosomes formed aligned in the midline
what happens during anaphase?
chromosomes aligned are pulled apart towards the pole
what happens during telephone?
pulled apart chromosomes form nucleolide
what happens during cytokinesis?
cytoplasm itself will divide resulting in formation of 2 cells
humans have
46 chromosomes; 22 autosomal pairs + 1 set of sex chromosomes
epithelial tissue
- cells closely bound to each other
- resting on basement membrane
- one surface exposed to surface
- stem cells bottom
- no blood supply
epithelia
covers
glands
secretes
examples of glands
endocrine, exocrine (saliva - merocrine, milk- apocrine, sebum - holocrine)
epithelia covers
- cells that cover internal or external surfaces
simple squamous
- thin, flat
- location: alveoli, blood vessels
- function: diffusion
simple cubodial
- cuboidal shape
- location: kidney tubules, glands
- function: secretion, absorption
simple columnar
- column shape
- intestines
- secretion, absorption
pseudo stratified columnar
- looks like multiple layers, but one layer only
- location: bronchi
stratified squamous
- multiple layers of squamous
- location: skin, mouth
- function: protection
transitional epithelium
- location: urinary bladder, ureters
- function: withstands stretching
components of connective tissue
- specialised cells
- protein fibers
- ground substance
cells in connective tissue
fibroblasts: predominant mother cells
macrophages: phagocytosis
fat cells: energy reserve
mast cells: histomy?
fibers in connective tissue
collagen: strong fiber; not branched (predominant)
elastic: wavy; stretched; branched
reticular: very thin interwoven fibers; anchor tissues
loose areolar tissue
Loose areolar tissue + fat –> adipose tissue
dense connective tissue
consists mainly of collagen; increased strands
irregular and regular
irregular dense tissue
dermis
regular dense tissue
tendons; ligaments
supporting connective tissue
- provides strong framework
- cartilage
cartilage
consists of chondrocytes, protein fibers, dense matrix; is avascular (no blood supply)
cartilage examples
hyaline (soft, joints), elastic (bendable) and fibro (collagen)
