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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > TEST 1 THEORY : Intro-Tissue > Flashcards

TEST 1 THEORY : Intro-Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy is the study of

A

the structure of the human body

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2
Q

anatomy is divided into

A

gross and microscopic anatomy

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3
Q

gross anatomy is divided into

A

surface, regional and systemic

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4
Q

microscopic anatomy is divided into

A

cytology and histology

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5
Q

cytology is the study of

A

cells

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6
Q

histology is the study of

A

tissues

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7
Q

physiology is the study of

A

the functions of the body

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8
Q

cell physiology is the study of

A

the individual cell

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9
Q

histophysiology is the study of

A

a group of cells functioning together

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10
Q

system physiology is the study of

A

how the cell and tissues join together to form the organ

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11
Q

pathophysiology is the study of

A

when an organ/system is not functioning well

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12
Q

levels of organisation

A

chemical–cellular–tissue–organ–organ system–organism

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13
Q

right hypochondrium

A

liver, gallbladder

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14
Q

epigastrium

A

stomach, liver

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15
Q

left hypochondrium

A

spleen, stomach

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16
Q

right lumbar

A

right kidney, intestine

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17
Q

umbilical

A

intestines

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18
Q

left lumbar

A

left kidney, intestine

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19
Q

right iliac

A

appendix, intestines, ovaries

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20
Q

hypogastrium

A

urinary bladder, uterus

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21
Q

left iliac

A

intestines, ovaries

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22
Q

pain in hypogastric

A

bladder infection

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23
Q

pain in lumbar

A

renal stones

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24
Q

pain in epigastric

A

gastritis

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25
Q

anatomical position

A

face looking forwards, arms by sides with palms forward, feet together with toes forward

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26
Q

supine

A

face up

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27
Q

prone

A

face down

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28
Q

sagittal

A

dividing into right and left

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29
Q

frontal

A

dividing into anterior and posterior

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30
Q

transverse

A

dividing into superior and inferior

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31
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

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32
Q

mass number

A

number of protons and neutrons

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33
Q

elements

A

substance that consists entirely of atoms with same atomic no.; cannot be broken down into simpler substances

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34
Q

molecules

A

chemical that contains more than 1 atom

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35
Q

compounds

A

contain atoms of more than 1 element; properties are diff. from original elements

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36
Q

isotopes

A

variant of chemical element with diff. no. of neutrons

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37
Q

radioisotopes

A

contain unstable nuclei that emit radiation; used for medical investigations and treatment

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38
Q

inert elements (helium, neon)

A

elements with completely filled outer shells

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39
Q

ions

A

element with incompletely filled outer shells

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40
Q

cation

A

positively charged ions

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41
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ions

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42
Q

bonds

A

forces of attraction that hold the atoms of a molecule together

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43
Q

ionic bonds

A

formed between anions and cation held together by their opposite charges (donation of electron)

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44
Q

covalent bonds

A

formed between atoms when they share electrons

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45
Q

covalent bond types

A

number of electrons shared (single, double, triple). strength of bond (polar and non-polar)

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46
Q

inorganic compound - water

A

excellent solvent, high heat capacity and essential reactant in chemical reactions of living things

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47
Q

organic compounds

A

contain C, H, O

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48
Q

4 main classes of large organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids

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49
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • C, H, O in ratio of 1:2:1
  • important energy source
  • <3% of body weight
50
Q

monosaccharides (single unit carbohydrate)

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

51
Q

disaccharides (dual unit carbohydrate)

A

sucrose (fructose + glucose), maltose (glucose + glucose), lactose (galactose + glucose)

52
Q

polysaccharides (multiple carbohydrate unit)

A

glycogen (animals), starch and cellulose (plants)

53
Q

proteins

A
  • C, H, O, N
  • 20% of body weight
  • amino acids: basic unit connected by peptide bonds
  • denaturation: disruption of structure makes it non-functional
54
Q

functions of proteins

A

support, transport, enzymes, defense

55
Q

lipids

A
  • C, H, O
  • <12% of body weight
  • fatty acids is the basic unit
56
Q

type of fats

A
  • saturated (solid at room temp.)
  • unsaturated (liq. at room temp.)
  • trans
57
Q

functions of fats

A
  • structure
  • energy
  • insulation, cushion
58
Q

nucleic acids

A
  • C, H, O, N, P
  • nucleotide - basic unit- phosphate group + sugar + nitrogenous base
59
Q

Differences in DNA and RNA in terms of sugar

A

DNA has deoxy ribose while RNA has ribose

60
Q

Differences in DNA and RNA in terms of strands

A

DNA has two strands while RNA has one strand only.

61
Q

Differences of DNA and RNA In terms of base difference

A

DNA has thymine while RNA has uracil.

62
Q

Differences of DNA and RNA in terms of function

A

DNA is for inheritance while RNA is for protein synthesis

63
Q

high-energy compound

A

contains 2 high energy bonds

adenosine triphosphate–>adenosine diophosphate

64
Q

cell is made up of

A

cell membrane and organelles

65
Q

cell membrane components

A
  • phospholipids (bilayer)
  • proteins: surface & transmembrane protein
  • carbohydrates: glycolipid and glycoprotein
66
Q

phospholipids have a — tail and — head

A

hydrophobic, hydrophilic

67
Q

Passive transport

A
  • Requires no energy
  • Molecules flow across the membrane by diffusion
  • No ATP required
  • Eliminate local concentration gradients
68
Q

Active transport

A
  • Requires energy
  • Molecules are pumped across the membrane
  • ATP required
69
Q

Examples of Passive transport

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Filtration
70
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of solute from higher to lower concentration

71
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Direct through cell membrane

72
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Through a channel

73
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from the higher to lower concentration through semi-permeable membrane

74
Q

Example of simple diffusion

A

Gases exchange

75
Q

Osmosis example

A

RBC hypotonic expand, RBC hypertonic shrink and RBC no change in isotonic

76
Q

Active transport examples

A
  • Active channel transport
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
77
Q

Endocytosis

A

Bulk transport into the cell; one solid, one liquid

78
Q

Exocytosis

A

Bulk transport of substance out of the cell, elimination of the substance; secretion, cellular waste

79
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Bulk transport of solids

80
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Bulk transport of liquids

81
Q

Nucleus found in

A

RBCs, stores genetic information

82
Q

Nucleolus…

A

produces ribosomes

83
Q

nuclear envelope has

A

nuclear pores - allows movement of RNA, ribosomes

84
Q

Golgi appartus that is

A

rich in glands, packages proteins into vesicles

85
Q

mitochondria that is

A

rich in muscle, produces ATP, has crista and matrix

86
Q

microvilli found in

A

intestine, renal tubules; finger-like extension - increases surface area and absorption

87
Q

cilia that is found in the

A

sperm; larger version of cilia

88
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer)

A

rich in glands; has ribosomes - for synthesis of proteins

89
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser)

A

rich in liver; detoxification

90
Q

lysosomes found

A

rich in WBCs - phagocytosis; strong enzymes, digests foreign substance/dead organelles

91
Q

mitosis

A

mother cell give birth to two identical daughter cells which have same set of chromosomes

92
Q

m phase

A

mitosis (pmat) + cytokinesis

93
Q

mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

94
Q

what happens during prophase?

A

chromosome duplicate; centriole will appear

95
Q

what happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes formed aligned in the midline

96
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A

chromosomes aligned are pulled apart towards the pole

97
Q

what happens during telephone?

A

pulled apart chromosomes form nucleolide

98
Q

what happens during cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasm itself will divide resulting in formation of 2 cells

99
Q

humans have

A

46 chromosomes; 22 autosomal pairs + 1 set of sex chromosomes

100
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • cells closely bound to each other
  • resting on basement membrane
  • one surface exposed to surface
  • stem cells bottom
  • no blood supply
101
Q

epithelia

A

covers

102
Q

glands

A

secretes

103
Q

examples of glands

A

endocrine, exocrine (saliva - merocrine, milk- apocrine, sebum - holocrine)

104
Q

epithelia covers

A
  • cells that cover internal or external surfaces
105
Q

simple squamous

A
  • thin, flat
  • location: alveoli, blood vessels
  • function: diffusion
106
Q

simple cubodial

A
  • cuboidal shape
  • location: kidney tubules, glands
  • function: secretion, absorption
107
Q

simple columnar

A
  • column shape
  • intestines
  • secretion, absorption
108
Q

pseudo stratified columnar

A
  • looks like multiple layers, but one layer only
  • location: bronchi
109
Q

stratified squamous

A
  • multiple layers of squamous
  • location: skin, mouth
  • function: protection
110
Q

transitional epithelium

A
  • location: urinary bladder, ureters
  • function: withstands stretching
111
Q

components of connective tissue

A
  • specialised cells
  • protein fibers
  • ground substance
112
Q

cells in connective tissue

A

fibroblasts: predominant mother cells

macrophages: phagocytosis

fat cells: energy reserve

mast cells: histomy?

113
Q

fibers in connective tissue

A

collagen: strong fiber; not branched (predominant)

elastic: wavy; stretched; branched

reticular: very thin interwoven fibers; anchor tissues

114
Q

loose areolar tissue

A

Loose areolar tissue + fat –> adipose tissue

115
Q

dense connective tissue

A

consists mainly of collagen; increased strands

irregular and regular

116
Q

irregular dense tissue

A

dermis

117
Q

regular dense tissue

A

tendons; ligaments

118
Q

supporting connective tissue

A
  • provides strong framework
  • cartilage
119
Q

cartilage

A

consists of chondrocytes, protein fibers, dense matrix; is avascular (no blood supply)

120
Q

cartilage examples

A

hyaline (soft, joints), elastic (bendable) and fibro (collagen)

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (14 decks)

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