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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > TEST 3 GIT THEORY > Flashcards

TEST 3 GIT THEORY Flashcards

1
Q

gastrointestinal tract consists of

A

muscular tubes and accessory organs

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2
Q

the muscular tubes in the GIT are

A

oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestine

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3
Q

the accessory organs in the GIT are

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver and gallbladder, pancreas

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4
Q

functions of the GI system

A

ingestion, mastication, digestion, secretion, absorption and excretion

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5
Q

mucosa consists of

A

epithelium

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6
Q

the two epithelium layers in the mucosa are

A

simple columnar, stratified squamous

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7
Q

simple columnar

A

stomach, intestines - for secretion and absorption

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8
Q

stratified squamous

A

other parts - for protection

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9
Q

muscularis consists of

A

2 layers - inner circular, outer longitudinal

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10
Q

stomach consists of muscularis:

A

OCL: innermost oblique, inner circular, outer longitudinal

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11
Q

movements of the GIT

A

peristalsis: push food bolus front
segmentation: mix food with secretions

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12
Q

blood supply of GIT - arterial supply

A
  • celiac, superior, inferior mesenteric artery
  • 1st capillary for nutrient absorption and 2nd at liver for processing
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13
Q

oral cavity consists of

A

teeth, gingiva, tongue, lingual frenulum, salivary glands, soft palate, uvula, palatine tonsils

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14
Q

oral cavity functions

A

taste, mechanical breakdown and lubrication of food, digestion of carbohydrates and lipids, breathing and speaking

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15
Q

salivary glands

A

3 pairs: parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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16
Q

parotid

A

behind ear, duct opens into vestibule opp. 2nd upper molar tooth

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17
Q

submandibular

A

below mandible, duct opens at sides of frenulum

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18
Q

sublingual

A

below tongue, ducts open base of cavity

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19
Q

saliva

A

1L/day, functions are lubrication, defense and digestion

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20
Q

parts of tooth

A

crown, neck and root

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21
Q

layers of tooth

A

enamel, dentin, pulp cavity

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22
Q

types of teeth

A

incisor, canine, premolar and molar

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23
Q

function of incisor

A

cut/chip

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24
Q

function of canine

A

tear

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25
Q

function of premolar, molar

A

mash/grind

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26
Q

baby teeth

A

20 teeth - 2 sets: 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 molars in each jaw

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27
Q

adult teeth

A

32 teeth - 2 sets: 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, 6 molars in each jaw

28
Q

pharynx consists of

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

29
Q

swallowing phases

A

oral, pharyngeal, oesophageal

30
Q

oral phase

A

tongue compress and retracts, soft palate closes nasopharynx, food bolus enters oropharynx

31
Q

pharyngeal phase

A

larynx elevates, epiglottis folds close larynx, food enters oesophagus

32
Q

oesophageal phase

A

lower oesophageal sphincter opens and food bolus enters stomach

33
Q

chyme

A

food mixes and gets partially digested by chyme

34
Q

rugae

A

folds of mucosa on inner surface - expansion

35
Q

2 sphincters

A

cardiac, pyloric

36
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

prevents reflux into oesophagus

37
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

regulates gastric emptying

38
Q

functions of the stomach

A

storage, mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, production of intrinsic factor

39
Q

stomach lined by

A

simple columnar epithelium with mucous cells

40
Q

gastric pits contain

A

gastric glands

41
Q

gastric glands

A

parietal cells secreting HCL and intrinsic factor for Vit B12 absorption; chief cells secreting pepsinogen

42
Q

small intestine

A

duodenum, plica

43
Q

duodenum

A

25cm long, C-shaped and receives chyme from stomach, bile and pancreatic juice

44
Q

plica (circular folds)

A

lined by villus, lined by simple columnar epithelium. villus has lacteal (fat absorption).

45
Q

functions of the small intestine

A

90% of digestion and 90% of absorption of nutrients

46
Q

large intestine

A

caecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid), rectum and anal canal

47
Q

caecum

A

expanded pouch in right iliac fossa; appendix from posteromedial side

48
Q

rectum

A

temporary storage of faeces

49
Q

defaecation reflex

A

peristalsis: relaxation of internal sphincter (involuntary) and external sphincter (voluntary)

50
Q

large intestine functions

A

absorption of water, vitamin production and bile recycling

51
Q

liver lobes

A

4: right, left, caudate, quadrate

52
Q

porta hepatis

A

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, common hepatic duct

53
Q

liver lobule

A

hexagonal

54
Q

corners (portal area)

A

branch of hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and hepatic duct (V-A-D)

55
Q

liver functions

A

synthesis bile, plasma proteins, clotting factors

storage of vitamins, iron, blood

removal of waste products, drugs, toxins

defense - kupffer cells

56
Q

gallbladder

A

fundus, body, neck, cystic duct

57
Q

gallbladder functions

A

stores, concentrates bile

58
Q

biliary tree

A

r&l hepatic duct –> common hepatic duct + cystic duct –> common bile duct + pancreatic duct –> duodenum

59
Q

pancreas

A

head, body, tail; retroperitoneal organ

60
Q

endocrine cells

A

1% of pancreatic cells, exists as clusters (Islets of Langerhans), secretes insulin

61
Q

exocrine cells

A

99% of pancreatic cells, exists as acini, secretes pancreatic juice which drains via pancreatic duct which empties into duodenum with CBD

62
Q

pancreatic juice made of enzymes (secreted as proactive form)

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases

63
Q

trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

acts on proteins

64
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

acts on carbohydrates

65
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

acts on lipids

66
Q

nucleases

A

acts on nucleic acids

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (14 decks)

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