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Bio 2263 (Ecology) > Test 3 Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Test 3 Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are insect models so nice to study adaptations?

A

There is a lot of species, covering many adaptations and many habitats

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2
Q

Sailed around on the Beagle

Charles Darwin, Alfred R Wallace, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, or Henry Walter Bates

A

Charles Darwin

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3
Q

Studied the Amazon river and shipped a lot of species to the UK

Charles Darwin, Alfred R Wallace, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, or Henry Walter Bates

A

Henry Walter Bates

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4
Q

Studied the Amazon river and Far East, sent a letter to Darwin

Charles Darwin, Alfred R Wallace, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, or Henry Walter Bates

A

Alfred R Wallace

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5
Q

Lawyer/geologist friend of Darwin, invited him and another guy to present at a conference

Charles Darwin, Alfred R Wallace, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, or Henry Walter Bates

A

Charles Lyell

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6
Q

“Introduction of Species”

Charles Darwin, Alfred R Wallace, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, or Henry Walter Bates

A

Alfred R Wallace

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7
Q

“On the Origin of Species”

Charles Darwin, Alfred R Wallace, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, or Henry Walter Bates

A

Charles Darwin

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8
Q

“The Naturalist on the River Amazons”

Charles Darwin, Alfred R Wallace, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, or Henry Walter Bates

A

Henry Walter Bates

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9
Q

Comparative anatomist, slow in accepting Darwin’s theories, then his biggest supporter

Charles Darwin, Alfred R Wallace, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, or Henry Walter Bates

A

Thomas Henry Huxley

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10
Q

Upper class family worried about Church of England

Charles Darwin, Alfred R Wallace, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, or Henry Walter Bates

A

Charles Darwin

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11
Q

First to describe batesian mimicry

Charles Darwin, Alfred R Wallace, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, or Henry Walter Bates

A

Henry Walter Bates

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12
Q

First to study islands

Charles Darwin, Alfred R Wallace, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley, or Henry Walter Bates

A

Charles Darwin

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13
Q

Define genotype

A

the sum of hereditary information

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14
Q

Define phenotype

A

the external, observable expression of the genotype

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15
Q

Define phenotypic plasticity

A

the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment

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16
Q

Define epigenetics

A

environmental factors that influence the degree of gene expression

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17
Q

Define selective outcome in relation to adaptation and evolution

A

reproduction in a population is not random, abiotic and biotic factors favor different traits, so certain individuals are more successful than others

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18
Q

Define evolution

A

differential reproductive success plus time alters ratios of genetic traits in a population

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19
Q

Describe stabilizing selection

A

favors phenotypes near the population mean; occurs in stable environments; environmental pressure on two extremes; most common type found in stable environments (in general, the most common type)

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20
Q

Describe directional selection

A

favors extreme phenotypes; occurs with abiotic or biotic selecting force; environmental pressure only on one extreme; pushes population to the other extreme

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21
Q

Describe disruptive selection

A

favors both extreme phenotypes; natural force acts on intermediate phenotypes and pushes them towards the extreme; results in a population of two or more genotypes/phenotypes; 2 selection pressures will result in three groups

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22
Q

Define genetic ploymorphism

A

A discontinuous genetic variation resulting in the occurrence of several different forms of types among the members of a single species.

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23
Q

Describe industrial melanism

A

moth living in industrial manchester England had only three phenotypes (black, gray, white) when before there was a range of colors, black also came to dominate with 95+% of the population, soot coated wood and killed lichens

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24
Q

Describe some effects of inbreeding depression

A

Reduced genetic variability, decreased fertility, loss of vigor, reduced fitness, reduce pollen and seed fertility in plants, death

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25
Q

Give an example of outbreeding depression

A

Occured with bobwhite quails when southern quails from alabama were brought in to breed with northern quails from Ohio/Illinois/Pennsylvania, but offspring from the crossings had high mortality due to lower tolerance to cold weather

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26
Q

Define the founder effect

A

Effect of starting a population in a new location with a small # of colonists, which contain only a small and often biased sample of genetic variations of the parent population; a markedly different new population may arise from migration

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27
Q

Describe genetic drift

A

Over a period of time, by probability, some genes in a population are fixed and other alleles are lost

→ Rate of genetic drift is determined by the size of the population

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28
Q

What are the four possible outcomes of separations of a species based on degree of geographic barriers and duration of separation?

A

Cline, ecotypes, geographical isolates, speciation

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29
Q

Define cline and give an example

A

Measurable, gradual change in population characteristics over a range of geography → result from a gradual physiological adaptation, behavioral and genetically in an ecological gradient

White-tailed deer are larger in the north

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30
Q

Define ecotype

A

Genetic strains of subpopulations adapted to its unique local environmental conditions; marked discontinuities, abrupt changes; also called step clines

*Each subpopulation is called an ecotype

31
Q

Define geographical isolates and give an example

A

Formation of several subspecies due to geographical barriers

many subspecies of salamander along Appalachian Mountains in North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia

32
Q

Define speciation

A

Evolution of reproductively separated populations

33
Q

What are the three types of speciation?

A

allopatric, sympatric, adaptive radiation

34
Q

Define allopatric speciation

A

Separation of a population into 2+ evolutionary units (species) by some geographic barrier that causes reproductive isolation

35
Q

Define sympatric speciation and give an example

A

A new species arising within a population occupying a single habitat or within the dispersal range of a population

subpopulations occupy the same area at the same time, have opportunities to breed

Within the same population of frogs, mating calls vary in frequency and timing, some females may prefer certain times or frequencies

36
Q

Define adaptive radiation

A

Evolution from a common ancestor to divergent forms adapted to distinct ways of life

37
Q

What are his two stories for genetic drift and catastrophe?

A

Northern elephants seals recovered from a population low of 20, even though their numbers are high their diversity is very low and the species is vulnerable →

When introducing an endangered species from captive breeding you need enough to avoid founder’s effect → release of 100s of hellbenders

38
Q

Define parasitism, parasitoidism, and endoparasitoidism

A

Parasitism: One benefit, other is harmed

Parasitoidism: One benefit, other is killed

Endoparasitoidism: Parasite lives in the internal organs or tissues of its host

39
Q

Define allelopathy

A

The effect of metabolic products of plants on the growth and development of other nearby plants

40
Q

What types of plants do broom sedges inhibit?

A

Shrubs

41
Q

What do bracken ferns secrete and what types of plants do they inhibit?

A

phenolic acids

conifers

42
Q

What do black walnut trees secrete and what types of plants do they inhibit?

A

precursor to juglone

broadleaf plants

43
Q

What do bamboo plants secrete and what types of plants do they inhibit?

A

phytotoxins

ferns

44
Q

What are plant secondary compounds? (PSC)

A

Compounds that are not directly related to plant growth

45
Q

What are the two possible (theoretical) outcomes of competition?

A

competitive exclusion and co-existance

46
Q

Describe competitive exclusion. What principle does it work on? What does it assume?

A

Gause’s Principle: When two or more species coexist using the same resource, one must displace or exclude the other. Complete competitors cannot coexist. When the niche overlaps too much only two outcomes → one or more species may start to explore other niches

Assumptions: Environmental factors remained constant, no emigration/immigration, competitors genetically unchanged

47
Q

Describe co-existence in a guild

A

A group of species utilizing a gradient of resources in a similar way (examples of species with different lengths of roots, chipmunks on a hill, cats with different diameter of teeth)

48
Q

Define character displacement and give an example

A

Shift in species’ morphology, behavior, or physiology as a result of natural selection resulting from interspecific competition.

Shift in finch beak size to avoid competition

49
Q

Define niche and give the three characteristics

A

The functional role a species plays in an ecosystem; the range of physical and chemical conditions under which a species can persist and the array of essential resources it utilizes.

→ Unique to a species
→ No two species can occupy the same niche in the same ecosystem
→ A multidimensional description

50
Q

Define fundamental niche vs realized niche

A

Fundamental Niche: niche if free from interference from other species

Realized Niche: fundamental - subtract competition

51
Q

Define predation

A

the consumption of one living organism by another

52
Q

Describe a general predator-prey cycle

A

As the predators eat the prey, they lower the abundance of food for themselves, thus decreasing the level of predators, thus allowing more prey to grow, thus increasing level of predators. In a real scenario this would not be a perfect in sync relationship.

53
Q

What are some reasons why clear predator-prey cycles are not seen?

A

The prey population is density-dependent (i.e., internal regulation).

Almost every species is attacked by more than one species of predators. Most predator species attack more than one species of prey.

Long-term monitoring data not exist
45 years of data on hellbender populations

54
Q

Describe the snowshoe hare example of predator-prey population dynamics

A

In the winter they eat buds of conifers, twigs of aspen, alder, willow

When the population of the snowshoe hare was high, the lynx population was also high; vice versa

Their predator-prey cycle was around ten years (would see a great peak in population of both the hare and the lynx at the same time every ten years)

55
Q

What are the three major hypothesis about the population dynamics between the lynx and snowshoe hare

A

Simple Predation
Conventional predator-prey cycle

Simple food limitation
Survey food abundance over ~12 years, close relationship between drop in woody browse (winter food) and drop in snowshoe hares and lynxes

Fluctuating secondary compound contents
Plants (especially in winter) will create secondary compounds that are toxic to hares and will mess with their digestive function -> reduce total energy -> less energy for reproduction

56
Q

Explain the limiting factors for the minimum population of prey and the maximum population of predators

A

When the population gets down too low, it is hard for predators to find and kill prey

When the prey species becomes more abundant, the predators eat more and there is more energy, they can only get so much energy however

The per capita rate of predation increases as the prey become more abundant. As the number of prey captured increases, the time spent handling prey increases, slower further increases in the rate of predation

As the proportion of time spent handling captured prey increases, the time spent searching decreases

57
Q

Give some examples of (non-plant) chemical defense

A

Employed by toads, snakes - peptides (only a few amino acids, very toxic to central nervous system), alkaloids (caffeine is one)

58
Q

Give some examples of camouflage or crypic coloration

A

Flounder - match the background

Walking sticks -resemble twigs

Year-old deer possess white skin spots in order to blend in with sunlight penetrating the forest

59
Q

Give some examples of flashing coloration/shape

A

White-tailed deer flash their tail when in danger to warn other deer

Owl butterflies have fake eyes. Since predators attack the neck and eyes of their prey, the predators will attack the wings and the butterfly will survive

60
Q

Give some examples of warning coloration

A

Monarch butterfly (north to central america) cause contractile force of the cardiac muscles

Strawberry poison dart frog have sodium channel disruptor; convulsion/paralysis

61
Q

Describe the two types of mimicry

A

Batesian mimicry: non-toxic resembling tox

Mullerian mimicry: distasteful, mimic each other. The predators need to be exposed to only one coloration to recognize the signal, gives them more examples

62
Q

Give some examples of behavioral defenses

A

Redirect predators (mother bird distracting the predators by acting injured)

Scatter around (schools of small fish swim together, then scatter when a predator gets close so they don’t have time to choose a good prey

Form a concentrated formation (musk ox)

63
Q

Describe timing reproduction as a method for defense

A

Reproduce in a very short period of time or shift timing of reproduction to avoid predators (If predators are active in day, you become active in the night; in hibernation try to avoid being present the same year their predators are active)

64
Q

What are the three types of PSCs that have nitrogen in their heterocyclic ring?

A

Alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, nonprotein amino acids

65
Q

Describe the PSCs alkaloids, cyanogeneic glycosides, and give an example of nonprotein amino acids

A

Alkaloids (work on calcium channels and membrane proteins)

Cyanogenic glycosides (converted to HCN in the body)

Nonprotein amino acids, L-DOPA mimics tyrosine in epinephrine and norepinephrine

66
Q

What are the four types of PSCs that do not have nitrogen in their heterocyclic ring?

A

Phenolics, polyphenolics, flavonoids, terpenes

67
Q

Give an example of a polyphenolic and its mechanism, and give the mechanism for flavonoids and terpenes

A

Tannins (creates bitter taste in unripe fruit)
Crosslink and cause dysfunction in digestive enzymes → diarrhea and lower efficiency

Plant pigments
Estrogenic activity (mimic estrogen, cause stillbirths or miscarriage)

Volatile, maintained in vacuoles, consumption causes release and bad odor

68
Q

Define community

A

A group of interacting plants and animals living in a given area in the same period of time

69
Q

Describe the factors that determine community diversity

A

Richness= the amount of species in an environment

Evenness= measure of the relative abundance number of each species (abundance is # of individuals from that species divided by total # of individuals)

70
Q

Name the two major methods for determining the productivity of a community

A

biomass, biodiversity

71
Q

Describe biomass vs standing crop biomass

A

Biomass: Weight of living materials, dry weight per unit area

Standing Crop Biomass: Total amount of biomass per unit area in a given period of time

72
Q

Describe the Shannon Index of Biodiversity

A

Find the proportion of each species, find natural log of proportion, then multiply proportion by natural log, sum for all species and multiply by -1 (bigger number wins). Considers both richness and evenness

73
Q

Describe the coefficient of community

A

For comparison of two communities → Multiply 2 by the number of species common to both, then divide by the sum of the number of species in both communities (higher is better). Considers only richness.

74
Q

Describe percentage similarity

A

Find all the species common to both. Sum up the lowest percentages for each species. Considers relative abundance. Ex: Community 1 has 13% abundance of species A and 45% abundance of species B and Community 2 has 23% abundance of species A and 39% abundance of species B. Percentage similarity is equal to 13+39.

Bio 2263 (Ecology) (10 decks)

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