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Bio 2263 (Ecology) > Quiz 3, Chapters 10, 11 > Flashcards

Quiz 3, Chapters 10, 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of Life History?

A

The lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction

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2
Q

What is a Simultaneous Hermaphrodite?

A

Possess both male and female reproductive structures

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3
Q

What is a Sequential Hermaphrodite?

A

Triggered by size or a change in sex ratio of the population

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4
Q

What is the definition of altricial?

A

hatched or born in an undeveloped state and requiring care and feeding by the parents

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5
Q

What is the definition of precocial?

A

young are born at a more advanced stage of development

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6
Q

Give some Intrinsic Factors that effect life history

A

Genetics, developmental patterns, physiology

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7
Q

Give some Extrinsic Factors that effect life history

A

Environment, Predators, Competitors

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8
Q

Fitness is a function of life history, What is the equation for fitness?

A

f=mode of reproduction + mating strategy + frequency of reproduction + the degree of parental care

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9
Q

Give some examples of the asexual mode of reproduction

A

Stolons, rhizomes, clones, splitting of protists, budding, parthenogenesis(no fertilization)

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10
Q

What is the advantage to asexual reproduction? What is the disadvantage?

A

Easier to produce offspring, no need to find or fight/woo mate. No genetic diversity, more homogeneous population. Problem if environment starts to change.

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11
Q

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction? What is the disadvantage?

A

Allows for genetic diversity, more choices. Requires more energy into plumage, horns.

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12
Q

What are some ways the probability of future survival can be reduced?

A

Mate acquisition, defense of a breeding territory, feeding and protection of young. These things require energy.

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13
Q

What was his example with the red deer from Scotland?

A

Females that have reared a calf to weaning age (milk hinds) showed higher mortality rates than females that have not (yield hinds). Milk hinds have a higher reproductive cost because of the care and feeding that calves require

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14
Q

How does failure to reproduce one year effect later fertility?

A

Failure to reproduce one year means better relative fertility the next

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15
Q

How does the allocation of energy to reproduction effect allocation of energy to growth/health?

A

Allocation of energy to reproduction reduces allocation to growth or health

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16
Q

What is the definition of Fecundity?

A

the potential for reproduction of an organism

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17
Q

What happens to reproduction in an unpredictable environment?

A

Asynchronous hatching, siblicide large number of offspring with little investment

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18
Q

What is the definition of Iteroparous?

A

Characterized by multiple reproduce cycles over the course of its lifetime. Early reproduction-> lower fecundity per episode, reduced survivorship. Late reproduction-> higher, increased

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19
Q

What is the definition of Semelparity?

A

Characterized by a single reproductive episode before death. Initial investment only to growth, development, and energy storage. One large reproductive effort, then death

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20
Q

Describe Monogamy

A

Pair bonding. Common in birds (both contribute to raising young), Rare in mammals, females need to provide milk but males are not needed. When present in mammals, those mammals have a social structure and are territorial.

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21
Q

Describe Polygamy

A

2 or more mates between individual. A pair bond exists between the individual and each mate. The individual with multiple mates usually does not care for the offspring. Often favored when resources needed to reproduce, such as food or habitat, are unevenly distributed.

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22
Q

Describe Polygyny

A

A male has a pair bond with two or more females. The number of females a male can monopolize depends upon sexual receptivity.

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23
Q

Describe Polyandry

A

Female pairs bonds with 2+ males. Very rare, common in waterfowl species because it allows the males to guard the nest. (Nest is more vulnerable, occurs because there is an unstable environment from the female perspective)

24
Q

Describe Promiscuity

A

Each male and female copulate with one or many of the opposite sex without forming a pair bond. This happens in artificial environment such as zoos, or if there is not a proper balance of genders.

25
Q

What is the largest reproductive expense for females?

A

the production and care of offspring

26
Q

What is the largest reproductive expense for males?

A

the acquisition of a mate

27
Q

What is intrasexual selection?

A

Competition with the same sex to get a mate. Males typically have exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics (Large body size, aggressiveness, weapons such as antlers and horns)

28
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

Need to attract the opposite sex to get a mate. Males typically have bright or elaborate feathers, fur, scales, or skin. They have vocalizations, and secondary sexual characteristics such as antlers and horns. The male phenotypes shift in favor of characteristics that the female chooses.

29
Q

What is the definition of a Lek Species

A

Gene-only female choice (only look at appearance and not ability to provide). Males without resources; gather in one area; display vocally and visually.

30
Q

What is the category of female choice for Lek species?

A

Females pick the mating territory where considered as safe

31
Q

What is the category of hotspot for Lek species?

A

Males establish a lek where many females’ range overlapped. The chance for mating increases

32
Q

What is the category of hotshot for Lek species?

A

Emphasize male-male interactions; a strong hierarchy among males; visiting females pick the ground. Several males display; 1 male has more than 90% of the copulation. Other subordinates steal.

33
Q

What was his story about three-spined sticklebacks?

A

They have males with red throats, which have a better chance of mating but are more visible to predators

34
Q

What was his story about the Parrotfishes?

A

They have dominant females that will change to male if the dominant male dies, males are more likely to produce offspring and put less effort into reproduction, can be visual or chemical stimulus.

35
Q

What is a Jack-in-the-pulpit?

A

A clonal herbaceous plant that can produce male flowers, female flowers, or sexual shoots

36
Q

What is the correlation between # of eyespots in male peacocks and offspring quality?

A

Eyespots in male peacocks correlate with higher weight and survival of offspring

37
Q

How does temperature influence sex of fish?

A

Many fish have chromosomal determination of sex, temperature may override this

38
Q

Describe an exponential growth model for populations

A

Assumes unlimited resources and a constant environment. Therefore impossible in natural populations

39
Q

What are some density dependent regulators?

A

Disease, competition, predation

40
Q

What are some density independent regulators?

A

Floods/Drought, fires, storms, irregular climate

41
Q

What is the definition of Scramble competition?

A

Growth and reproduction are depressed equally among all individuals

42
Q

What is the definition of Contest competition?

A

Some individuals claim enough resources for themselves while denying others a share of those resources. Can result in consequences of growth retardation or reduction.

43
Q

What is the definition of growth retardation vs reduction?

A

Growth retardation is delayed development, reduction is not growing to full size

44
Q

Describe self thinning

A

When population density increases, body mass decreases. When density lowers due to reduced population size, body mass will increase again. Lots of individuals will die during high density, but the body mass will increase in survivors. A similar effect as on body mass is seen with reproduction.
Stress hormones go up, growth/reproductive/immune hormones go down

45
Q

What is an example of self thinning?

A

Seeds of horse weed were planted at a high density, as they grew there was competition for limited resources. Many seedlings died, reducing the density. The size of the remaining seedlings therefore increased.

46
Q

How does high density/competition effect the physiology of animals?

A

Stress hormones increase. Growth hormone decrease. Reproductive hormones decrease. Immune system decreases.

47
Q

Describe pre-saturation dispersal vs saturation dispersal

A

Pre-saturation dispersal: subadults dispersing, they usually die. Explore before overpopulation, higher success. Benefits: 1) to grab resources in adjacent areas early 2) to prevent from inbreeding. Need a sink (unfilled habitat) for dispersal; however, some sinks are full of predation and interspecific competition

48
Q

What is the definition of Home Range?

A

The area that an animal normally uses over the course of a year

49
Q

What are the factors of a Home Range?

A

Body size, metabolic needs, availability of food, way of getting food. Area not defended, but aggressive interactions may occur.

50
Q

Describe a territory

A

Smaller than home range, well-protected, more aggressive interactions. Defended by songs, calls, displays, scent marking.

51
Q

What is the Allee effect?

A

After the population size is below a certain level, it is harder to find mates, and the growth rate decreases

52
Q

What is MVP?

A

Minimum Viable Population. The number of individuals necessary to ensure the population’s existence over a stated period of time (usually 50/60 generations)

53
Q

What is PVA?

A

Population Viability Analysis: estimation of MVP based on genetic factors, life history (large fluctuations in pop size), environmental variability

54
Q

What is MDA?

A

Minimum Dynamic Area: area requirement per individual, home range, carrying capacity

55
Q

What did he tell us about wolves?

A

Males can be alpha for about seven years. Wolf packs involve a mated pair, beta males, juvenile offspring, related non breeding adults. Betas stay with the group because they are waiting to take over from alpha, and because of the high risk of going to other packs. Some “satellite” males wander and try to get in other packs/territories. All members raise the pups. Size of the pack is determined by food availability.

56
Q

What did he tell us about kangaroo rats?

A

Require the shoots available in January/February. If they don’t have them, they have low levels of reproduction.

57
Q

How is white-tailed deer population related to snow accumulation in the previous winter?

A

Annual change in white-tailed deer population is inversely related to snow accumulation the previous winter.

Bio 2263 (Ecology) (10 decks)

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