Quiz 2, Chapters 8 and 9 Flashcards
Define population (5 parts)
A group of INTERBREEDING and INTERACTING individuals of the same SPECIES living in the same PLACE at the same TIME
Define modular organisms
organisms that develop by branching, producing repeated structural units such as stolons, rhizomes, and clones (ex: corals, sponges, fungi, protists)
Define genet
a plant produced by sexual reproduction
Define ramet
modules produced asexually by a genet, form clonal colonies
Describe the two factors that restrict distribution and give examples
geographical barriers (water, mountains, unsuitable habitat)
interactions with other species (competition, predation)
Describe metapopulation
a population broken into sets of subpopulations held together by dispersal or movements between them
each subpopulation has its own features
Define dispersal
movement of individuals between subpopulations, maintains gene flow
Define ubiquitous and endemic species
geographically widespread distribution or geographically restricted distribution
Define crude density and ecological density
number of individuals per unit area/volume
number of individuals per unit of living space
How do you find population size from density?
Population size = density * area occupied
Which distribution patterns will shew attempts to count the population?
Random or clumped
Describe how clumped populations form
most common pattern, due to responses to habitat differences, daily/seasonal weather changes, reproductive patterns, social behavior
What are the factors that influence sampling accuracy when sampling random quadrants?
spatial distribution, randomness (of researcher’s choice), movement of species
How does the Lincoln-Peterson or Mark-Recapture technique estimate population? What factors influence sampling accuracy?
use ratios of tagged/untagged to find number tagged/total population
random distribution, enough time for remixing, immigration/emigration, death/birth, chance of getting caught
How can the body of an animal tell you how old it is?
wear/replacement of teeth, growth rings in horns, plumage changes and wear, growth rings on scales and fish ear bones, size of skull, length of horn, length of lower jaw, rings on pre-molar teeth
Define dendrochronology
finding the age of a tree by counting annual rings or estimating from diameter at breast height
What is the example he used for metapopulation?
mountain sheep
Describe pellet-group counting
he cleared a mountain area of poop, then counted how many new poops there were each day
need to find average number per day from captive populations
Describe pit-tagging
he used this to count hellbenders using a small electromagnetic rod on the top of a needle with a plunger and injected it in their intramuscular region
the rods had bar codes so you could tell which one it is and which gender
Talk about zebra mussels
native to southern Russia, introduced in ballast water to eastern rivers, eat algae fish feed on, clog pipes
Talk about kudzu
an ornamental vine from Asia that took over the southern United States, holds soil down but kills plant life
Talk about the gypsy moth
brought from Eurasia to breed with silk worms, escaped and spread through the northern United States, now defoliate millions of trees, feed on over 500 species
What is the equation for exponential growth used in ecology? Define all variables
Exponential Growth Model: Nt=N0*λt
λ is annual rate of increase, N0 starting #, t is time in years
Define carrying capacity
number of individuals a given area can support
Define inflection point (relates to growth curves)
the point at the maximum population growth rate
Define minimal viable population (MVP)
the smallest stable population, depends on factors like genetic diversity
Describe exponential growth vs logistic growth. Which is more common?
exponential growth gets faster over time
logistic growth is more S-shaped, gets faster over time until the inflection point, where it slows drastically (more common)
Describe overshooting (growth curve, over carrying capacity). Include results and typical behavior
when a population goes over their carrying capacity
more extreme the overshoot, more extreme the collapse
most have medium overshoot, then fluctuate around the carrying capacity
Define cohort
a group of individuals in a population born in the same period of time
Life Table: lx is the probability at birth of surviving to any given age, how do you find it?
lx is found by taking the number of individuals at any age over the initial number of individuals
Life Table: Lx is the average number of individuals alive during the age interval x to x+1, how do you find it?
Lx is found by taking the average of the number of individuals alive during that year and the next
Life Table: dx is age-specific mortality, how do you find it?
Dx is found by taking the number of survivors at any age minus the number of survivors at the next age
Life Table: qx is age-specific mortality rate, how do you find it?
Qx is found by taking Dx (age-specific mortality) over the number of individuals
Life Table: tx is the total years lived into the future by individuals of age class x, how do you find it?
Tx is found by adding the Lx (average alive during age interval) for that year to all following years
Life Table: ex is total years into future over total number of individuals, what is its formal name and how do you find it?
Ex is found by taking Tx (total years into future by age class X) over the number of indivuduals
What variables are in a mortality curve?
Qx (age-specific mortality rate) vs age
What variables are in a survivorship curve? Anything special?
lx (age-specific survivorship) graphed in a log scale by age
Describe a Type I survivorship curve
strongly convex, survival high when young, low when old
Descrive a Type II survivorship curve
linear, rates do not vary with age
Describe a Type III survivorship curve
concave, survival low when young
Give some reasons why small populations are more vulnerable to extinction
low genetic variability, more at risk for drought/flood/heat/cold, changes in climate
What are some things dams affect?
Flow rate, temperature, oxygen levels, sediment transport, species migration
Do larger or smaller animals go extinct more often?
larger
What is CITES?
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
What is the IUCN? What does it do?
International Union for Conservation of Nature, publishes the red list of threatened species
What is the story he gave about overpopulation?
US Gov introduced 25 reindeer to St. Paul island, population grew >2000 in 30 years, population crashed in 1940 due to overgrazing
crashed as quickly as it grew
Life Tables: If X is age and Nx is number alive, what are lx, Dx, Qx, Lx, Tx, and Ex?
lx=age-specific survivorship,Nx/N0 Dx=age-specific mortality,Nx-Nx+1 Qx=age-specific mortality rate, Dx/Nx Lx=average alive during x -> x+1 Tx=years lived into future, Lx+Lx+1,... Ex=age-specific life expectancy, Tx/Nx
