Quiz 2, Chapters 8 and 9 Flashcards by Jessica Brooks

Define population (5 parts)

A group of INTERBREEDING and INTERACTING individuals of the same SPECIES living in the same PLACE at the same TIME

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Define modular organisms

organisms that develop by branching, producing repeated structural units such as stolons, rhizomes, and clones (ex: corals, sponges, fungi, protists)

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Define genet

a plant produced by sexual reproduction

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Define ramet

modules produced asexually by a genet, form clonal colonies

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Describe the two factors that restrict distribution and give examples

geographical barriers (water, mountains, unsuitable habitat)

interactions with other species (competition, predation)

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Describe metapopulation

a population broken into sets of subpopulations held together by dispersal or movements between them

each subpopulation has its own features

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Define dispersal

movement of individuals between subpopulations, maintains gene flow

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Define ubiquitous and endemic species

geographically widespread distribution or geographically restricted distribution

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Define crude density and ecological density

number of individuals per unit area/volume

number of individuals per unit of living space

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How do you find population size from density?

Population size = density * area occupied

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Which distribution patterns will shew attempts to count the population?

Random or clumped

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Describe how clumped populations form

most common pattern, due to responses to habitat differences, daily/seasonal weather changes, reproductive patterns, social behavior

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What are the factors that influence sampling accuracy when sampling random quadrants?

spatial distribution, randomness (of researcher’s choice), movement of species

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How does the Lincoln-Peterson or Mark-Recapture technique estimate population? What factors influence sampling accuracy?

use ratios of tagged/untagged to find number tagged/total population

random distribution, enough time for remixing, immigration/emigration, death/birth, chance of getting caught

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How can the body of an animal tell you how old it is?

wear/replacement of teeth, growth rings in horns, plumage changes and wear, growth rings on scales and fish ear bones, size of skull, length of horn, length of lower jaw, rings on pre-molar teeth

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Define dendrochronology

finding the age of a tree by counting annual rings or estimating from diameter at breast height

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What is the example he used for metapopulation?

mountain sheep

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Describe pellet-group counting

he cleared a mountain area of poop, then counted how many new poops there were each day

need to find average number per day from captive populations

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Describe pit-tagging

he used this to count hellbenders using a small electromagnetic rod on the top of a needle with a plunger and injected it in their intramuscular region

the rods had bar codes so you could tell which one it is and which gender

Talk about zebra mussels

native to southern Russia, introduced in ballast water to eastern rivers, eat algae fish feed on, clog pipes

Talk about kudzu

an ornamental vine from Asia that took over the southern United States, holds soil down but kills plant life

Talk about the gypsy moth

brought from Eurasia to breed with silk worms, escaped and spread through the northern United States, now defoliate millions of trees, feed on over 500 species

What is the equation for exponential growth used in ecology? Define all variables

Exponential Growth Model: Nt=N0*λt

λ is annual rate of increase, N0 starting #, t is time in years

Define carrying capacity

number of individuals a given area can support

Define inflection point (relates to growth curves)

the point at the maximum population growth rate

Define minimal viable population (MVP)

the smallest stable population, depends on factors like genetic diversity

Describe exponential growth vs logistic growth. Which is more common?

exponential growth gets faster over time logistic growth is more S-shaped, gets faster over time until the inflection point, where it slows drastically (more common)

Describe overshooting (growth curve, over carrying capacity). Include results and typical behavior

when a population goes over their carrying capacity more extreme the overshoot, more extreme the collapse most have medium overshoot, then fluctuate around the carrying capacity

Define cohort

a group of individuals in a population born in the same period of time

Life Table: lx is the probability at birth of surviving to any given age, how do you find it?

lx is found by taking the number of individuals at any age over the initial number of individuals

Life Table: Lx is the average number of individuals alive during the age interval x to x+1, how do you find it?

Lx is found by taking the average of the number of individuals alive during that year and the next

Life Table: dx is age-specific mortality, how do you find it?

Dx is found by taking the number of survivors at any age minus the number of survivors at the next age

Life Table: qx is age-specific mortality rate, how do you find it?

Qx is found by taking Dx (age-specific mortality) over the number of individuals

Life Table: tx is the total years lived into the future by individuals of age class x, how do you find it?

Tx is found by adding the Lx (average alive during age interval) for that year to all following years

Life Table: ex is total years into future over total number of individuals, what is its formal name and how do you find it?

Ex is found by taking Tx (total years into future by age class X) over the number of indivuduals

What variables are in a mortality curve?

Qx (age-specific mortality rate) vs age

What variables are in a survivorship curve? Anything special?

lx (age-specific survivorship) graphed in a log scale by age

Describe a Type I survivorship curve

strongly convex, survival high when young, low when old

Descrive a Type II survivorship curve

linear, rates do not vary with age

Describe a Type III survivorship curve

concave, survival low when young

Give some reasons why small populations are more vulnerable to extinction

low genetic variability, more at risk for drought/flood/heat/cold, changes in climate

What are some things dams affect?

Flow rate, temperature, oxygen levels, sediment transport, species migration

Do larger or smaller animals go extinct more often?

larger

What is CITES?

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

What is the IUCN? What does it do?

International Union for Conservation of Nature, publishes the red list of threatened species

What is the story he gave about overpopulation?

US Gov introduced 25 reindeer to St. Paul island, population grew >2000 in 30 years, population crashed in 1940 due to overgrazing crashed as quickly as it grew

Life Tables: If X is age and Nx is number alive, what are lx, Dx, Qx, Lx, Tx, and Ex?

``` lx=age-specific survivorship,Nx/N0 Dx=age-specific mortality,Nx-Nx+1 Qx=age-specific mortality rate, Dx/Nx Lx=average alive during x -> x+1 Tx=years lived into future, Lx+Lx+1,... Ex=age-specific life expectancy, Tx/Nx ```