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Bio 2263 (Ecology) > Quiz 2, Chapters 8 and 9 > Flashcards

Quiz 2, Chapters 8 and 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Define population (5 parts)

A

A group of INTERBREEDING and INTERACTING individuals of the same SPECIES living in the same PLACE at the same TIME

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2
Q

Define modular organisms

A

organisms that develop by branching, producing repeated structural units such as stolons, rhizomes, and clones (ex: corals, sponges, fungi, protists)

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3
Q

Define genet

A

a plant produced by sexual reproduction

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4
Q

Define ramet

A

modules produced asexually by a genet, form clonal colonies

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5
Q

Describe the two factors that restrict distribution and give examples

A

geographical barriers (water, mountains, unsuitable habitat)

interactions with other species (competition, predation)

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6
Q

Describe metapopulation

A

a population broken into sets of subpopulations held together by dispersal or movements between them

each subpopulation has its own features

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7
Q

Define dispersal

A

movement of individuals between subpopulations, maintains gene flow

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8
Q

Define ubiquitous and endemic species

A

geographically widespread distribution or geographically restricted distribution

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9
Q

Define crude density and ecological density

A

number of individuals per unit area/volume

number of individuals per unit of living space

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10
Q

How do you find population size from density?

A

Population size = density * area occupied

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11
Q

Which distribution patterns will shew attempts to count the population?

A

Random or clumped

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12
Q

Describe how clumped populations form

A

most common pattern, due to responses to habitat differences, daily/seasonal weather changes, reproductive patterns, social behavior

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13
Q

What are the factors that influence sampling accuracy when sampling random quadrants?

A

spatial distribution, randomness (of researcher’s choice), movement of species

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14
Q

How does the Lincoln-Peterson or Mark-Recapture technique estimate population? What factors influence sampling accuracy?

A

use ratios of tagged/untagged to find number tagged/total population

random distribution, enough time for remixing, immigration/emigration, death/birth, chance of getting caught

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15
Q

How can the body of an animal tell you how old it is?

A

wear/replacement of teeth, growth rings in horns, plumage changes and wear, growth rings on scales and fish ear bones, size of skull, length of horn, length of lower jaw, rings on pre-molar teeth

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16
Q

Define dendrochronology

A

finding the age of a tree by counting annual rings or estimating from diameter at breast height

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17
Q

What is the example he used for metapopulation?

A

mountain sheep

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18
Q

Describe pellet-group counting

A

he cleared a mountain area of poop, then counted how many new poops there were each day

need to find average number per day from captive populations

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19
Q

Describe pit-tagging

A

he used this to count hellbenders using a small electromagnetic rod on the top of a needle with a plunger and injected it in their intramuscular region

the rods had bar codes so you could tell which one it is and which gender

20
Q

Talk about zebra mussels

A

native to southern Russia, introduced in ballast water to eastern rivers, eat algae fish feed on, clog pipes

21
Q

Talk about kudzu

A

an ornamental vine from Asia that took over the southern United States, holds soil down but kills plant life

22
Q

Talk about the gypsy moth

A

brought from Eurasia to breed with silk worms, escaped and spread through the northern United States, now defoliate millions of trees, feed on over 500 species

23
Q

What is the equation for exponential growth used in ecology? Define all variables

A

Exponential Growth Model: Nt=N0*λt

λ is annual rate of increase, N0 starting #, t is time in years

24
Q

Define carrying capacity

A

number of individuals a given area can support

25
Q

Define inflection point (relates to growth curves)

A

the point at the maximum population growth rate

26
Q

Define minimal viable population (MVP)

A

the smallest stable population, depends on factors like genetic diversity

27
Q

Describe exponential growth vs logistic growth. Which is more common?

A

exponential growth gets faster over time

logistic growth is more S-shaped, gets faster over time until the inflection point, where it slows drastically (more common)

28
Q

Describe overshooting (growth curve, over carrying capacity). Include results and typical behavior

A

when a population goes over their carrying capacity

more extreme the overshoot, more extreme the collapse

most have medium overshoot, then fluctuate around the carrying capacity

29
Q

Define cohort

A

a group of individuals in a population born in the same period of time

30
Q

Life Table: lx is the probability at birth of surviving to any given age, how do you find it?

A

lx is found by taking the number of individuals at any age over the initial number of individuals

31
Q

Life Table: Lx is the average number of individuals alive during the age interval x to x+1, how do you find it?

A

Lx is found by taking the average of the number of individuals alive during that year and the next

32
Q

Life Table: dx is age-specific mortality, how do you find it?

A

Dx is found by taking the number of survivors at any age minus the number of survivors at the next age

33
Q

Life Table: qx is age-specific mortality rate, how do you find it?

A

Qx is found by taking Dx (age-specific mortality) over the number of individuals

34
Q

Life Table: tx is the total years lived into the future by individuals of age class x, how do you find it?

A

Tx is found by adding the Lx (average alive during age interval) for that year to all following years

35
Q

Life Table: ex is total years into future over total number of individuals, what is its formal name and how do you find it?

A

Ex is found by taking Tx (total years into future by age class X) over the number of indivuduals

36
Q

What variables are in a mortality curve?

A

Qx (age-specific mortality rate) vs age

37
Q

What variables are in a survivorship curve? Anything special?

A

lx (age-specific survivorship) graphed in a log scale by age

38
Q

Describe a Type I survivorship curve

A

strongly convex, survival high when young, low when old

39
Q

Descrive a Type II survivorship curve

A

linear, rates do not vary with age

40
Q

Describe a Type III survivorship curve

A

concave, survival low when young

41
Q

Give some reasons why small populations are more vulnerable to extinction

A

low genetic variability, more at risk for drought/flood/heat/cold, changes in climate

42
Q

What are some things dams affect?

A

Flow rate, temperature, oxygen levels, sediment transport, species migration

43
Q

Do larger or smaller animals go extinct more often?

A

larger

44
Q

What is CITES?

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

45
Q

What is the IUCN? What does it do?

A

International Union for Conservation of Nature, publishes the red list of threatened species

46
Q

What is the story he gave about overpopulation?

A

US Gov introduced 25 reindeer to St. Paul island, population grew >2000 in 30 years, population crashed in 1940 due to overgrazing

crashed as quickly as it grew

47
Q

Life Tables: If X is age and Nx is number alive, what are lx, Dx, Qx, Lx, Tx, and Ex?

A 
lx=age-specific survivorship,Nx/N0
Dx=age-specific mortality,Nx-Nx+1
Qx=age-specific mortality rate, Dx/Nx
Lx=average alive during x -> x+1
Tx=years lived into future, Lx+Lx+1,...
Ex=age-specific life expectancy, Tx/Nx

Bio 2263 (Ecology) (10 decks)

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