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Bio 2263 (Ecology) > Quiz 1, Chapters 1, 2, 20 > Flashcards

Quiz 1, Chapters 1, 2, 20 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define biosphere

A

The layer of the planet earth where life exists

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2
Q

Define ecology

A

The study of interactions between organisms and the environment

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3
Q

Compare abiotic and biotic

A

Abiotic= atmosphere, climate, soil

Biotic=organisms

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4
Q

Describe the emergent property principle

A

An emergent property of an ecological level/unit results from the functional interactions(s) of the components. This property cannot be predicted from the study of components that are isolated or decoupled from the whole unit

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5
Q

What are the five levels of organization in ecology?

A

Individual-> Population-> Community-> Ecosystem-> Biosphere

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6
Q

How many hypothesis can you test at any one time?

A

1

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7
Q

Describe how data can prove or support a hypothesis

A

It can support, but never prove (cannot be 100% certain)

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8
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of conducting an experiment in a greenhouse?

A

Advantages-> Greater control over conditions, remove confounding variables

Disadvantages->Greenhouse conditions are different from field, response may be different

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9
Q

Define model

A

An abstract, simplified representation of a real system

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10
Q

Who is the founding father of contemporary ecology?

A

E.P. Odum

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11
Q

How many species have already gone extinct?

A

50-60%

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12
Q

What can environmental science add to ecology?

A

it includes a broader, interdisciplinary approach that includes social, political, and ethical dimensions (balance environment with community, collect samples on Sunday morning)

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13
Q

Define physiological ecology

A

the study of how individual organisms interact with their environment to carry out biochemical processes and express the behavioral adaptations that accomplish homeostasis and survival (the adaption of their physiology to environmental conditions)

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14
Q

Define homeostasis

A

the maintenance of energy and matter budgets to allow for growth and reproduction by an individual (state of steady internal conditions, dynamic equilibrium)

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15
Q

What is the difference between an ecological physiologist and a physiological ecologist?

A

Ecological physiologist works in a lab, physiological ecologist works in the field

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16
Q

Define behavioral ecology

A

the study on how a plant or animal’s behavior is adapted (over evolutionary time) to its environment

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17
Q

Define population ecology and give an example of an issue that relates to that field

A

the study of population dynamics over time, deformed frogs

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18
Q

Define community ecology

A

the study of living components of ecosystems with a focus on patterns and process

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19
Q

What is the main problem in ecology?

A

Not enough data, cannot compare to past or see if an issue is within normal fluctuations

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20
Q

Define ecosystem ecology

A

the study of the interactions of organisms with the transport and flow of energy and matter, focus on interactions between biotic and abiotic processes

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21
Q

Define landscape ecology

A

the study of how variations in topography and soils across a specific region influence patterns of species composition and diversity

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22
Q

Define conservation ecology

A

applies principles from different fields, including ecology, economics, and sociology to preserve biodiversity

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23
Q

Define climate and weather

A

weather occurs at a specific place/time, and climate is the long-term average pattern of weather

24
Q

Relate the wavelength of radiation and temperature

A

the hotter the object is, the more energetic the emitted photons and the shorter wavelength

25
Q

Define net radiation

A

the difference between the amount of shortwave (solar) radiation absorbed by a surface and the amount of longwave radiation emitted back into space by that surface

sunlight is lost as reflected shortwave, and emitted longwave radiation that is not deflected back to Earth by greenhouse gases and particles

26
Q

How does the latitudinal gradient affect sunlight?

A

At a higher latitude, sunlight comes in at a steeper angle and must travel through a deeper layer of atmosphere

27
Q

What defines the vernal and autumnal equinoxes?

A

it is the point at which the sun is directly overhead the equator

12 hour sun, 12 hour night

28
Q

What defines the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere?

A

it is the point when the sun is directly above the tropic of cancer

longest day of northern hemisphere

29
Q

What defines the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere?

A

it is the point when the sun is directly above the tropic of Capricorn

shortest day of northern hemisphere

30
Q

Describe the Coriolis effect

A

warm air at the equator rises and moves to the poles, where it cools and moves to the equator and the speed of the Earth’s rotation is faster at the equator and slower at the poles

air currents are deflected towards the right (east) in the northern hemisphere and to the left (west) in the southern hemisphere, relative to the direction they were heading

31
Q

What creates ocean currents?

A

surface winds and the earth’s rotation

warm water moves away from the equator and cold water toward the equator, producing currents that move clockwise above the equator and counter clockwise below

32
Q

Define gross primary productivity and net primary productivity as it relates to plants

A

GPP is the creation of biomass, when you subtract the energy that plants used to live it is NPP

33
Q

Describe how mountains affect precipitation

A

as the wind heads up the mountain, it cools and precipitates , leaving the far side of the mountain dry

34
Q

What is the effect of el nino on climate? Of la nina?

A

waters in the eastern Pacific warm up, which weakens trade winds and increases rainfall in Peru

La nina is the opposite effect, but less intense

35
Q

What gases make up the greenhouse gases?

A

carbon dioxide is 80% and methane is 20%

36
Q

What defines the type of geographical ecosystem?

A

temperature and precipitation

37
Q

What are the most productive terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems?

A

Marshes/Swamps and Algal bed/Reefs

38
Q

Define energy

A

the ability or capacity to do work

39
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy may be transformed, but never created or destroyed

40
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

no process involving energy transformation will occur unless there is a degradation of energy from a concentrated to a dispersed form

41
Q

How much sunlight is converted to organic matters by photosynthesis?

A

1-4%

42
Q

How do ecologists define ecosystems?

A

the means through which energy is acquired by the biotic community

43
Q

Define estuaries

A

regions where rivers empty into the sea

44
Q

How much energy is transferred to the next higher trophic level?

A

10%

45
Q

How does the quality of energy change from one trophic level to the next?

A

quantity decreases, quality increases

46
Q

What are the three components that make up a ecosystem?

A

Input, system, output

47
Q

How do you describe an ecosystem as autotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

positive net energy (creates)=autotrophic

negative net energy(uses)=heterotrophic

48
Q

What are saprovores?

A

decomposers, microorganisms, fungi

49
Q

Describe unsubsidized natural solar-powered ecosystems

A

rely only on sunlight, autotrophic (oceans, forests)

50
Q

Describe naturally subsidized solar-powered ecosystems

A

mainly solar power with some rain and tidal waves, autotrophic (tidal estuaries, rain forests)

51
Q

Describe human-subsized solar-powered ecosystems

A

solar power and fuel/wind/water, heterotrophic

52
Q

Describe fuel-powered urban-industrial ecosystems

A

all fuel, no production of energy and only consumption, produce a lot of waste, heterotrophic

53
Q

How much net energy gain should you have relative to energy cost?

A

2x of energy cost, it takes energy to produce energy

54
Q

Give some pros and cons of nuclear power

A

Pros- efficient

Cons- costly, bad for environment, radioactive waste, accidents

55
Q

Give some pros and cons of coal power

A

Pros-meh efficiency

Cons-pollution, acid rain, environment, sufur in the environment

56
Q

Give some pros and cons of dams

A

Pros-no pollution

Cons-destroy habitat up and downstream, sediment buildup and enriched nutrients, only good for 50 years

57
Q

Where is acid rain the worst?

A

New England

Bio 2263 (Ecology) (10 decks)

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