test 3 pictures Flashcards by Wesley Tyson

title:
- baldachino
artist:
- Gianlorenzo Bernini
date/period:
- 1624-33, Baroque
country:
- Rome, Italy
medium:
- gilded bronze
context:
- sits over the high altar above St. Peter’s tomb
- was created to reduce the space at the crossing so that worshipers would be drawn to the altar
- Gianlorenzo Bernini was the official architect of St. Peter’s until his death, appointed by Pope Urban VIII
- the size of a modern nine-story building (95 feet high)
- foundations reach deep into the floor of the old Constantinian basilica

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title:
- St. Peter’s basilica and piazza
artist:
- Gianlorenzo Bernini
date/period:
- 1607-26
- facade
- piazza design
- baroque style
country:
- Vatican, Rome
- western europe
medium:
- stone? concrete?
context:
- where the faithful gather during Christian festivals to hear the pope’s message and recieve his blessing
- large enough to accomodate 250,000 people
- Bernini’s goal when beginning the exterior: provide an impressive approach to the church and define the Piazza San Pietro

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title:
- facade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
artist:
- Francesco Borromini
date/period:
- 1665-67
country:
- Rome
medium:
- stone? concrete?
- baroque style
context:
- this is Borromini’s best known building and established his reputation for daring architectural innovation
- Borromini and Bernini were each others biggest rivals
  - with very different temperments
- Borromini resented living and working in Bernini’s shadow
  - eventually committed suicide

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title:
- San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
artist:
- Francesco Borromini
date/period:
- ? 1665-67?
country:
- Rome
medium:
- stone? concrete? bronze?
- baroque style
context:
- interior view of the high altar
  - shows the use of large, smooth-shafted Corinthian columns to create a plastic effect on the walls
    *

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title:
- David
artist:
- Gianlorenzo Bernini
date/period:
- 1623
country:
- Rome, Italy
medium:
- Marble
- baroque style (dynamic diagonal extending from the head to the left foot)
context:
- represents a narrative movement requiring action
- life-size marble sculpture
- according to biographers, the pope had to hold a mirror up for the artist, and he carved David’s face as a self-portrait
  - consistent with his habit of studying his mirror reflection

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title:
- Cornaro Chapel
artist:
- Gianlorenzo Bernini
date/period:
- 1640’s
country:
- Rome
medium:
- ?
context:
- altar wall opens onto the dramatic encounter between Saint Teresa and the angel
  - witnesses of this miracle are the worshiper and the sculptures of the Coronaro family
- the chapel illustrates the authors skill of integrating the arts in a single project
  - uses the chapel as if it were a little theater

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title:
- Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
artist:
- Gianlorenzo Bernini
date/period:
- 1640’s
country:
- Rome
medium:
- Marble
- baroque style
context:
- main event over the altar
- represents the visionary world of the mystic saint, and a moment of heightened emotion (the transport of esctasy)
- angel prepares to pierce Saint Teresa with a flaming golden arrow as he gently pulls aside her drapery
  - pleasure and pain emerged- felt as if God were “caressing her soul”

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title:
- Boy with a Basket of Fruit
artist:
- Caravaggio
date/period:
- 1594
country:
- Rome, Italy
medium:
- oil on canvas
- baroque painting
context:
- together with the yellow piece of fruit turning brown in the center of the basket, the leaf calls on the viewer to enjoy life’s pleasures before they become rotten with age

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title:
- Calling of Saint Matthew
artist:
- Carvaggio
date/period:
- 1599-1600
country:
- Rome, Italy
medium:
- oil on canvas
- baroque painting
context:
- good example of the author innovative approach to Christian subjects
  - tenebrism (use of sharply contrasting light and dark) enhances Christian message
- the authors criminal behavior and acquaintance w/ roman street life contributed to the character of this picture
  - he fled rome after killing a man over a tennis match in 1606

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title:
- Judith Slaying Holofernes
artist:
- Artemisia Gentileschi
date/period:
- 1614-1620
country:
- Florence, Italy
medium:
- oil on canvas
- baroque painting (exhibits the taste for violence)
context:
- illustrates an event from the Book of Judith in the Old Testament Apocrypha
- artist is known for her pictures of heroic women and violent scenes after incident with Agostino Tassi
  - he was hired to teach her drawing and perspective
  - he raped her and refused to marry her
  - she sued him and was tortured by thumb screws before he was convicted

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title:
- Venus and Adonis
artist:
- Peter Paul Rubens
date/period:
- 1635
country:
- Northern Europe
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
medium:
- Oil on canvas
- baroque painting
context:
- celebrates the sensual side of life and seem unaffected by the Counter-Reformation
- also reflects the artist’s Classical education
- in the work, Venus is begging her lover, Adonis, not to leave, and his pose reveals his conflict between staying and leaving

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title:
- The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (aka The Night Watch)
artist:
- Rembrandt van Rijn
date/period:
- 1642
country:
- Amsterdamn, Netherlands
medium:
- oil on canvas
- baroque painting
context:
- group portrait that depicts the militia company, led by captain BC, leaving Amsterdam on a shooting expedition
- represents the triumphal arches of ancient rome, and reminds viewers that the Dutch had overthrown their Spanish conquerors and were now free people
  - city wall is pierced by an arch
- Remembrandt perfected the technique of etching and mainpulating light and dark

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title:
- Self-Portrait as Saint Paul
artist:
- Rembrandt van Rijn
date/period:
- 1661
country:
- Amsterdam, Netherlands
medium:
- oil on canvas
- baroque painting
context:
- now older and sadder figure (age 55)
  - no longer prosperous artist, confident in his future
- he is now “Saint Paul”, after several personal tragedies

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title:
- The Laughing Cavalier
artist:
- Frans Hals
date/period:
- 1624
country:
- London
medium:
- oil on canvas
- baroque painting
context:
- artists portraits typically convery a sense of exuberance- is enhanced through pose, character, and proximity
- Hals is known primarily for his individual and group portraits- did not have a wide range of subject matter

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title:
- The Last Drop (The Gay Cavalier)
artist:
- Judith Leyster
date/period:
- 1628-1629
country:
- Northern Europe
- Philadelphia Museum of Art
medium:
- oil on canvas
- baroque painting
context:
- iconography represents the popularity of drinking, carousing, and smoking in the Dutch Republic
- skeleton and hourglass represent the passage of time and inevitability of death

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title:
- The Geographer
artist:
- Jan Vermeer
date/period:
- 1668
country:
- Germany
- Baroque painting
medium:
- oil on canvas
context:
- reflects the Dutch’s interest in exploration and science, and the artist’s depiction of interiors
- today the artists paintings are viewed as some of the most highly valued in the world, when they were neglected by critics after his death

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title:
- View of Delft
artist:
- Jan Vermeer
date/period:
- 1660-61
country:
- Netherlands
- Northern Europe
medium:
- oil on canvas
- baroque
context:
- example of Dutch’s taste for landscape
- artist created a glowing, textured surface motion that was new in Western European art

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title:
- Vanitas Still Life
artist:
- Maria van Oosterwyck
date/period:
- 1668
country:
- Austria
- Northern Europe
- Kunsthistorisches Museum
medium:
- oil on canvas
- baroque painting
context:
- each element of painting contains a warning against folly

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title:
- Saint Serapion
artist:
- Francesco de Zurbaran
date/period:
- 1628
country:
- Northern Europe
medium:
- oil on canvas
- baroque painting
context:
- represents the impact of death and suffering on behalf of the Christian faith
- Serapion belonged to the Spanish Order of Mercedarians, dedicated to rescuing Christians captured by the Moors
  - when he agreed, martyrd to die in a place of Christian prisoners

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title:
- Venus with a Mirror (aka Rokeby Venus)
artist:
- Diego Velazquez
date/period:
- 1648
country:
- London, England
medium:
- oil on canvas
- baroque painting
context:
- designed for a private patron
- rarity of the female during the time of this painting makes is all the more unusual (anti-humanist Counter-Reformation)
- reflects the influence of reclining Venuses by Giorgione and Titan- who the artist studied in italy

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title:
- Las Meninas
artist:
- Diego Velazquez
date/period:
- 1656
country:
- Madrid, Spain
medium:
- oil on canvas
context:
- tribute to the artist’s genius as a painter and the very art of paining
- contains quite a bit of symbolism

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title:
- Pilgrimage to Cythera
artist:
- Antoine Watteau
date/period:
- 1717
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- rococo style
context:
- depicts a group of amorous couples who have journeyed to the island of Venus
- symbolism throughout painting love and fertility as well as of the Classical tradition

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title:
- The Swing
artist:
- Jean-Honore Fragonard
date/period:
- 1766
country:
- London, England
medium:
- oil on canvas
context:
- depicts an enclosed yet open garden, where amorous games are played
  - man underneath swing looking up dress, old couple pushing swing
- commissioned by Baron de Saint-Julien

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title:
- Self Portrait with Two Pupils
artist:
- Adelaide Labille-Guiard
date/period:
- 1785
country:
- Metropolitan Musem of Art, New York
medium:
- oil on canvas
- rococo
context:
- contains a serious message about the role of women artists
- artist helped to improve the position of women in the arts, and succeeded in having the four places reserved for women at the French Academy of Painting and Sculptures expanded

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title:
- Marie Antoinette and Her Children
artist:
- Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun
date/period:
- 1788
country:
- France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- rococo
context:
- emphasize the queens wealth and position as well as her ease with motherhood
- boy in the picture pulls aside the crib and reveals an empty bed, implying the death of one of her children
- depicts the Austrian-born queen of France in a regal setting, oblivious to the political, social, and economic among her subjects that would arise in the French Revolution

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title:
- Pipe and Jug
artist:
- Jean-Baptiste Chardin
date/period:
- - country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- rococo
context:
- eliminates human figures while assuring the observor of their presence
  - objects arranged in a way that implies the person may be back any minute

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title:
- Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
artist:
- Thomas Gainsborough
date/period:
- 1785-87
country:
- France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- rococo
context:
- good example of French Rococo
  - self conscious pose and gazes out of the picture plane
  - shiny, silky textures of dress
  - garden settings and trees
- Mrs. Sheridan is enclosed by nature and distinct from it. She is:
  - sedate
  - aristocratic
  - surrounded by landscape as orderly and controlled as herself

title:
- Marriage a la Mode II
artist:
- William Hogarth
date/period:
- 1743
country:
- London, England
medium:
- oil on canvas
- rococo
context:
- one of a series of six paintings
- satirizes the dangers of sexual excess

title:
- Oath of the Horatii
artist:
- Jacques-Louis David
date/period:
- 1785
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- neoclassical style
context:
- illustrates an event from Roman tradition in which honor and self-sacrifice prevailed
- commissioned by Louis XVI as a part of a program aimed at the moral improvement of France

title:
- Death of Marat
artist:
- Jacques-Louis David
date/period:
- 1793
country:
- Brussels, Belgium
medium:
- oil on canvas
- neoclassicism style
context:
- commissioned during the Reign of Terror
- related to the Chirstian images of the dead Christ
- represents intellectual and political enlightenment

title:
- Napoleon at Saint Bernard Pass
artist:
- Jacques-Louis David
date/period:
- 1800
country:
- France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- neoclassicism
context:
- depicts Napoleon crossing the Alps wearing full military gear and sitting on a white horse
- the artists glorification of napoleon is evident through this painting because he actually rode a mule rather than a white horse

title:
- Napoleon Enthroned
artist:
- Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
date/period:
- 1806
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- neoclassicism
context:
- recalls the fussiness of rococo and the exaggeration of Mannerism

title:
- Grande Odalisque
artist:
- Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
date/period:
- 1814
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- neoclassicism
context:
- illustrates Ingres’ love of clarity- was attracted to the Romantic elements of sensuality and color
- reflects the popular contemporary craze for things “oriental” that followed Napoleon’s failed military campaigns in Syria and North Africa
- commissioned by Napoleon’s sister, Caroline Bonaparte Morat

title:
- God Creating the Universe (aka Ancient of Days)
artist:
- William Blake
date/period:
- 1794
country:
- London, England
medium:
- metal relief etching, hand-colored with watercolor and gouache
- romanticism
context:
- frontispiece of Europe: A Prophecy
- shows God organizing the world with a compass
  - strong Christian strain in Romanticism

title:
- Raft of the Medusa
artist:
- Theodore Gericault
date/period:
- 1819
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- romanticism
context:
- reflects the author’s commitment to social justice
- the boat Medusa hit a reef off of the west coast of Africa, captain and senior officers boarded lifeboats
  - saving themselves and few passengers
  - 149 remaining men were left on a wooden raft
  - the following 13 day voyage became floating hell of death, disease, mutiny, starvation, and cannibalism
  - 15 men survived

title:
- Madwoman with a Mania of Envy
artist:
- Theodore Gericault
date/period:
- 1822-23
country:
- Lyon, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- romanticism
context:
- author was interested in human psychology
- the subject of this portrait was a child murderer

title:
- Liberty Leading the People
artist:
- Eugene Delacroix
date/period:
- 1830
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- romanticism
context:
- refers to the July 1830 uprising against the king Charles X, which led to his abdication
- the figures emerge from smoke- a symbol of France’s political emergence from the shackles of tyranny

title:
- Los Caprichos (plate 3)
artist:
- Francisco de Goya y Lucientes
date/period:
- 1799
country:
- - medium:
- etching and aquatint
context:
- title translated as “The Bogeyman is Coming”
  - warns against instilling needless dears in children
- one of a series of etchings combined with the new medium of aquatint
- depicts psychological phenomena

title:
- The Witches’ Sabbath
artist:
- Francisco de Goya y Lucientes
date/period:
- 1798-99
country:
- Madrid, Spain
medium:
- oil on canvas
- romanticism
context:
- satirizes the irrational belief in witchcraft by exaggerating the primitive quality of such thinking
- artist indirectly attacks the Inquisition, which opposed the Enlightenment

title:
- The Executions of the Third of May, 1808
artist:
- Francisco de Goya y Lucientes
date/period:
- 1814
country:
- Madrid, Spain
medium:
- oil on canvas
- romanticism
context:
- the raised arms of the central, illuminated victim about to be shot recall the death of Jesus
- depicts the aftermath of the events that took place on may 2 and 3, 1808
  - two spanish rebels fired on 15 french soldiers from Napoleon’s army
  - the french troops then rounded up and executed close to 1000 people

title:
- Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, October 16, 1834
artist:
- Joseph Mallord William Turner
date/period:
- 1835
country:
- England
medium:
- oil on fabric
- romanticism
context:
- whirlwind of flame, water, and sky
- the forces of nature let loose and their destruction of man-made structures are the primary theme of this painting

title:
- Sunrise, Yosemite Valley
artist:
- Albert Biersadt
date/period:
- no date
country:
- Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Texas?
medium:
- oil on canvas
- romanticism
context:
- example of luminism
- emphasizes nature’s vastness compared with humanity’s smallness

title:
- The Peaceable Kingdom
artist:
- Edward Hicks
date/period:
- 1834
country:
- National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
medium:
- oil on canvas
context:
- embodies to romantic ideal of a return to nature
- painting is based on a passage from the Book of Isaiah
- Hick’s conception of nature seems frozen in time, rather than constantly changing eruptions of nature

title:
- The Gleaners
artist:
- Jean-Francois Millet
date/period:
- 1857
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- realism
context:
- because of powerful paintings of rural labor, the artist was accused of harboring anarchist views
- illustrates the transition between Romanticism and Realism in painting

title:
- The Stone Breakers
artist:
- Gustave Courbet
date/period:
- 1849
country:
- wherabouts unknown since WWII
- France?
medium:
- oil on canvas
- realism
context:
- faces of people are lost in shadow- allies them with classes of work rather than accenuating their human individuality
- reflects the impact of socialist ideas on authors iconography

title:
- Burial at Ornans
artist:
- Gustave Courbet
date/period:
- 1849
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- realism
context:
- enormous painting (10 ft 4 in x 21 ft 11 in)
- depicts the local bourgeoisie attending a funeral
- compact arrangement, catholic group of people, and minimal variety reflect the monotonous reality of life in rural 19th century France

title:
- Third-Class Carriage
artist:
- Honore Daumier
date/period:
- 1862
country:
- France
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
medium:
- oil on canvas
- realism
context:
- lower-class figures crowd together in dark, confined space
  - turned inward- as if retreating from harsh economic reality
  - psychological isolation defends them from the crowded conditions in which they live

title:
- Sarah Bernhardt
artist:
- Gaspard-Felix Tournachon (Nadar)
date/period:
- 1864
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- photograph from a collodion negative
context:
- the renowned French actress
- emphasizes her delicate features and quiet pose, in contrast to the large, voluminous, tassled drapery folds

title:
- The Gross Clinic
artist:
- Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins
date/period:
- 1875-1876
country:
- Philadelphia
medium:
- oil on canvas
- realism
context:
- one of the landmarks of realist painting
- depicts a team of doctors led by Dr. Samuel D Gross doing an operation in street clothes
  - surgeon at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia
- the illumination on Gross’s forehead and hand accenuates his “enlightened” mind and his manual skill

title:
- Le Dejeuner sur I’Herbe
artist:
- Edouard Manet
date/period:
- 1863
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- realism
context:
- statement in favor of artists individual freedom
- use of shallow perspective in the painting

title:
- Olympia
artist:
- Edouard Manet
date/period:
- 1865
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
context:
- caused a scandal when first exhibited
- Olympia shows no signs on modesty, instead looks straight at viewer
  - wearing “streetwalking” shoes
  - black cat-symbol of sexuality
    - cathouse: another word for brothel

title:
- Eiffel Tower, Paris
artist:
- Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel
date/period:
- 1887-1889
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- wrought-iron superstructure on a reinforced concrete base
- realism
context:
- controversial- petition for its demolition was created
  - was saved because of its value as a radio antenna
- was the highest man-made structure until the Empire State Building in 1932
- was built as a temporary structure, designed as a landmark for the Universal Exposition of 1889
  - celebrating the centenary of the French Revolution
- viewers could enjoy panorama of Paris

title:
- A Bar at the Folies-Bergere
artist:
- Edouard Manet
date/period:
- 1881-82
country:
- London, England
medium:
- oil on canvas
- impressionism
context:
- image has evoked art-historical interpretation from several methodological viewpoints
  - can be read through sexual or social subtexts

title:
- Moulin de la Galette
artist:
- Pierre-Auguste Renoir
date/period:
- 1876
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- impressionism
context:
- depicts a “slice of life”
  - scene of leisure in the courtyard of a montmarte dance hall

title:
- Absinthe
artist:
- Edgar Degas
date/period:
- 1876
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
- impressionism
context:
- also represents “a slice of life”
- the poses indicate psychological isolation and physical inertia

title:
- Dancer with a Bouqet, Bowing
artist:
- Edgar Degas
date/period:
- 1877
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- pastel and gouache on paper
- impressionism
context:
- shows ballerina at the end of performance
- artist sketched ballerinas from the wings of the theater and in dance classes
- ^ his interest in moving forms through space led him to paint horse races as well as various types of entertainers

title:
- The Boating Party
artist:
- Mary Cassatt
date/period:
- 1893-94
country:
- France
- National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
medium:
- oil on canvas
- impressionism
context:
- ?

title:
- Impression: Sunrise
artist:
- Claude Monet
date/period:
- 1872
country:
- Paris, France
medium:
- oil on canvas
context:
- work of Claude Monet embodied Impressionism more than any other artist
- critic declared painting as “sketchily applied” and “unfinished”

title:
- Bassin des Nympheas (Water Lily Pond)
artist:
- Claude Monet
date/period:
- 1904
country:
- France
- Denver Art Museum
medium:
- oil on canvas
- impressionism
context:
- Monet built a watergarden that inspired numerous “waterscape” paintings

title:
- Rouen Cathedral, West Facade, Sunlight
artist:
- Claude Monet
date/period:
- 1894
country:
- France
- National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
medium:
- oil on canvas
context:
- shows the myraid details of a Gothic cathedral dissolving into light and shadow
- viewers are made aware of the meidum as much as the subject matter, and also reminded that our normal vision lacks sharp focus

title:
- The Great Wave at Kanagawa
artist:
- Katsushika Hokusai
date/period:
- 1830-1832
country:
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY
medium:
- polychrome woodblock print; ink and color on paper
context:
- made a great impact on Impressionists
- from a series titles “Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji”

title:
- The Thinker
artist:
- Auguste Rodin
date/period:
- 1904
country:
- Berlin, Germany
medium:
- Bronze
- impressionism
context:
- work evolved from what Rodin originally planned to be a representation of Dante
- medatative figure, immobilized by thought
- revealed the influence of Italian Renaissance sculpture on Rodin’s concept of the monumental human figure

title:
- The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit
artist:
- John Singer Sargent
date/period:
- 1882
country:
- Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
medium:
- oil on canvas
- impressionism
context:
- reveals the inner tensions of four young sisters, despite their comfortable lifestyle
- evoke the impressionist “slice of life”

title:
- Nocturne in Black and Gold (The Falling Rocket)
artist:
- James Abbot McNeill Whistler
date/period:
- 1875
country:
- France
- Detroit Institute of Arts
medium:
- oil on oak panel
- impressionism
context:
- an art critic, John Ruskin, went into a rage and said lots of bad things about the painting
  - whistler sued him for libel, then stated that the art did not serve any ulitarian purpose
  - was a study of light, color, and form
  - was voted in Whistler’s favor
  - exemplified the rise of the critic as a potent force in the 19th century art world

title:
- Self-Portrait in a Cap, Open-mouthed and Staring
artist:
- Rembrandt van Rijn
date
- 1630
country
- Amsterdam, Netherlands
medium
- etching
- baroque?
context
- shows 24 yr old Rem. in a cap
- Rem. studied his own facial expressions in a mirror and used them in self-portraits and biblical scenes

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