test 1 pictures Flashcards by Wesley Tyson

title: Venus of Wilendorf
artist: unknown
date/period: Prehistoric Era (c. 25,000-21, 000 BC)
country/origin: Wilendorf, Austria
medium: limestone
context (social, political, chronological):
- most famous paleolithic sculpture
- between 4-5 in tall, so can be held in people’s hands
- can only really speculate, but most believe that she represented a fertility goddess

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title: Lion Panel
artist: unknown
date/period: Prehistoric Era (c. 30,000 B.C.)
country/origin: Chauvet Cave, France
medium: Black Pigment on Limestone
context:
- largest cave in the region
- home to hundreds of cave drawings, most of which are unusual animals

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title: Stonehenge
artist: unknown
date/period: (c. 2,800-1,500 B.C.)
country/origin: England
medium: Bluestone and sarsen sandstone
context:
- most famous neolithic cromlech in western europe
- served as a giant sundial
- used to predict seasonal changes and astronomical pneumonia
- ritual cite

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title: Palette of Namer
artist: unknown
date/period: Neolithic Era (c. 3100 BC)
country/origin: Hierakonpolis, capital of Egypt
medium: Slate
context:
- upper egypt side
  - Narmer wears white crown
- lower egypt side
  - Pharoh wears red crown

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title: Pyramids
artist: Khufu & Hemiunu
date/period: Neolithic Era (2551-2472 B.C.)
country/origin: Egypt
medium: Limestone
context:
- built for three Old Kingdom Pharohs
  - resting place for their bodies after death
- most impressive pyramids built

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title: Egyptian Canon of Proportion
artist: unknown
date/period: Neolithic Era
country/origin: Egypt
medium: (book)
context:
- these canons were used for over a two thousand year period

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title: Menkaure and Queen Khamernebty
artist: unknown
date/period: Neolithic Era (2490-2472 BC)
country/origin: Egypt
medium: Slate
context:
- symbolized the relationships between men and women during this time
  - men were of higher status than women
- was considered to be a very romantic piece

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title: Opening of the Mouth Ceremony: Book of the Dead of Hunefer
artist: unknown
date/period: Neolithic/Prehistoric Era (c.1295-1186 B.C.)
country/origin: Egypt
medium: pigment on papyrus
context:
- ceremony ritually “opened the mouth” of the deceased and restored their ability to breathe, feel, hear, see and speak

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title: Mask of Tutankhamon
artist: unknown
date/period: Neolithic/Prehistoric (c.1327 BC)
country/origin: Egypt
medium: Gold inlaid with Enamel and semiprecious stones
context:
- worn by tut’s mummy

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title: Geometric Amphora (darker vase)
artist: unknown
date/period: 8th Century BC
country/origin: Greece
medium: Geometric style; refined clay, painted in a dark glaze
context:
- design is typical of geometric pottery design
- its main scene is “prothesis”
  - lying-in-state of the dead
title: Amphora
artist: Polyphemos
date/period: (675-650 BC)
country/origin: Greek
medium: Geometric to Orientalizing style
context:
- amphora: two handled storage jar; gravemarker

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title: The Great Sphinx
artist: Khafre
date/period: Neolithic Era (c.2520-2494)
country/origin: Egypt
medium: Limestone
context:
- guarded the pyramid of Khafre; the location of sphinx suggests that it represented Khafre itself
- in egypt, lions guarded entrances, especially to temples and palaces.
  - were associated with the sun as the eye of heaven

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title: Amphora: Achilles & Ajax Playing Board Game (complete handles)
artist: Exekias
date/period: (540-530 BC)
country/origin: Greece
medium: Terra Cotta, black figure painting
context:
- artist of pottery is the most dramatic black-figure artist known
- the painting transforms the personal rivalry of two greek heros of the trojan war into a board game
title: Kalyx Krater- Death of Children of Niobe (incomplete handles)
artist: Niobid painter
date/period: (c.455-450)
country/origin: Greece
medium: Archaic/Early Classical; clay and red-figure painting
context:
- Niobe was a mortal woman who bragged that she was better than Leto because she had 14 children
- Twins (and children of Zeus and Leto), Apollo and Artemis, who were expert archers, killed all of her children.
- The god’s power is emphasized because they tower over the mortals

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title: Warrior by a Grave
artist: Reed Painter
date/period: (c.450 BC)
country/origin: Greece
medium: later classical style; clay, white ground painting
context:
- lekythoi’s (vessels) were used for grave dedications
- use of foreshortening
- indicates the artists interest in rendering forms as they appear in natural, three-dimensional spaces

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title: statue of kouros
artist: unknown
date/period: (c.590-580 BC)
country/origin: Greece
medium: Archaic Style- Naxian Marble without plinth
context:
- earliest-known life-size sculpture of a standing male from the archaic period

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title: Peplos Kore
artist: unknown
date/period: (c. 530 BC)
country/origin: Greece
medium: Archaic Style- Parian Marble
context:
- she has the so-called “Archaic smile”, which accenuates the fact of being alive
- kore (archaic sculptures of standing women) generally represent votive figures of girls who serve Athena

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title: Kritos Boy
artist: Kritios
date/period: (c. 480 BC)
country/origin: Greece
medium: Early Classical Style- Parian Marble
context:
- sculpture reflects a moment of self-awareness in Greek history that is marked by the change from Archaic to Early Classical
- he is maintaining the contrapposto stance
  - torso shifted, right hip and shoulder lowered
- the contrast betwen rigid and relaxed elements allow the viewer to feel the innder workings of the human body

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title: Doryphoros
artist: Polykeitos
date/period: (c.440 BC)
country/origin: Greece
medium: Classical Style- Marble Copy of Bronze original
context:
- Doryphoros means “Spear Bearer”
- This scultpure was originally bronze, but is only known today through later Roman copies made in marble

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title: Parthenon
artist: Iktinos & Kallikrates
date/period: (448-432 BC)
country/origin: Greek
medium: classical style- Pentelic Marble
context:
- temple dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of Athens
  - celebrates her in her aspect as a virgin goddess. (“parthenos”=virgin)

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title: Athena
artist: Neda Leipen & Sylvia Hahn (reconstruction of Phidias original)
date/period: (438 BC)
country/origin: Greek
medium: classical style- wood covered with gold-ivory plating
context:
- in the reconstruction, athena is armed and represented in her aspect as the goddess of war
- embodied her importance as goddess of Athens
- the richness of the statues materials symbolized the wealth transferred from Delos to Athens

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title: Aphrodite of Knidos
artist: Praxiteles
date/period: (c.350 BC)
country/origin: Greece
medium: late classical style- marble
context:
- Praxitelean curve
  - the s-shape of their stance
- the piece was originally rejected because of its nudity, then accepted by greek city Knidos
- represents the goddess standing next to her water jar after her bath. her gestures imply modesty, but at the same time it draws attention to her nudity
- this piece began the entrance of females into the canon of beauty in greek art, which was previously restricted to male nude

title: Apoxymenos *Athlete with a Strigil*
artist: Lysippos
date/period: (c. 320 BC)
country/origin: Greece
medium: Late classical period; marble- roman copy of a bronze original
context:
- represents a victorious athelete scraping oil off of his arm with a strigil
- roman emperor Tiberious admired this piece
  - had it moved from the roman bathrooms to his bedroom until the people protested its loss

title: Winged Nike (Winged Victory)
artist: unknown
date/period: (c. 190 BC)
country/origin: Greek
medium: hellenisic period- marble
context:
- the shifing spatial thrusts of the Nike are representation of the new Hellenistic command of form and motion in space

title: Boxer
artist: unknown
date/period: Hellenistic Period (2nd/1st Century)
country/origin: Greek
medium: bronze with copper inlay
context:
- reveals the ravaging effects of the violent sport
  - face covered in scars
  - wearing knuckle straps- inflicted serious injury on opponents
  - has broken nose and teeth, cauliflower ear
- shows a man who has weathered a lifetime of fighting
  - droopy skin in rib area
- red/orange areas were made w/ copper to indicate flesh injuries

title: Laocoon and His Two Sons
artist: unknown
date/period: Hellenistic Period (1st Century AD)
country/origin: Greek
medium: Marble
context:
- depicts hellenistic interest in melodramatic pathos
- depicts an incident at the end of the Trojan War in which Lacoon and his sons are devoured by a pair of serpents

title: Colosseum
artist: under Emperor Vespesian
date/period: (c. 72-80 AD)
country/origin: Rome
medium: concrete, tufa, brick, marble, travertine
context:
- was used primarily for public spectacles
  - gladiator contests
  - combats between men and animals, or animals alone
- ground floor columns were tuscan- later form of doric; second were ionic; third- corinthian
  *

title: Pont Du Gard
artist: Marcus Agrippa
date/period: 1st Century BC
country/origin: Nimes, France
medium: Limestone and Breezeblocks
context:
- most impressive roman aqueduct
  - bring water to Nimes from natural springs 30 miles away

title: Pantheon
artist: Hadrian
date/period: (117-125 AD)
country/origin: Roman
medium: marble, brick, concrete
context:
- most innovative roman temple
- Pantheon resembles a greek temple
  - this resolved tension between native tradition and greek culture

title: Trajan’s Column
artist: Trajan
date/period: (c. 113 BC)
country/origin: Roman
medium: Marble
context:
- one of the most commemorative monuments from the Hellenistic period onward
- its formal crowding conveys the bustling activity of armies preparing for war
- the frieze on trajan’s column is an informative historical record of life in the roman army

title: A Young Flavian Woman
artist: unknown
date/period: (c. 90 BC)
country/origin: Rome, italy
medium: Marble
context:
- portraits were often intended as means of keeping the deceased alive in memory
- portraits of upper-class roman women became popular in the first-century AD

title: Monumental Head of Constantine
artist: unknown
date/period: (313 AD)
country/origin: Rome, italy
medium: Marble, Brick, Wood
context:
- stands over eight feet tall
- the restrained classical character of earlier scultures has disappeared, giving way for new style
  - this expresses the emperors power and makes him seem aloof from his subjects
- the statues original placement on the throne reflected the emperors power over the roman people and empire

title: Still Life
artist: Herculaneum
date/period: (c. 50 AD)
country/origin: Naples, Italy
medium:
context:
- example of Fourth Style
  - usage of highlights and shading, creates an illusion of volume

title: Hercules Strangling the Serpents
artist: unknown
date/period: (63-79 AD)
country/origin: Rome
medium: mural painting;
context:
- complex narrative mural painting
- represents greek myth of when Hercules strangles a pair of snakes as an infant
- the painting is shown in situ (the original context)

title: Court of Justinian and Court of Theodora
artist: Justinian
date/period: (c.547 AD)
country/origin: Byzantine
medium: Apse Mosaic
context:
- the usage of light within these pictures and within Christian art is important because of the Christ as “light of the world” symbolism.
  *

title: Hagia Sophia
artist: Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletos
date/period: (537 AD)
country/origin: Constantinople
medium: Brick
context:
- centrally planned chruch in Constantinople under Justinian’s reign
  - dedicated to Christ as the personification of Hagia (holy) Sophia (wisdom)
- Today Hagia Sophia is a state museum

title: Christ
artist: unknown
date/period: (13th century)
country/origin: Constantinople
medium: Mosaic
context:
- image illustrates both the persistence of artistic style and its accessibility to change
- the facial features given depict him as having a rather melancholy character

title: Tunc Crucifixerant XPI
artist: unknown
date/period: (8th/9th century)
country/origin: Roman
medium: illuminated manuscript from Book of Kells- hand decorated pages of text. it is not known what materials are used for illuminated manuscripts
context:
- the purpose of the designs was to illuminate “Word of God”
- the image of the fish (the early symbol of christ), the “X” (for Chi, the beginning of Christ’s greek name), and the visual representation of the cross
  - formal interlacing that characterizes these manuscripts is echoed in the intergrationor iconography into text

title: Sainte Foy
artist: unknown
date/period: (c.1050-1120)
country/origin: France
medium: brick, concrete
context:
- earliest surviving example of pilgrimage church
- Sainte Foy
  - third-century virgin martyr known in English as Saint Faith.

title: Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy
artist: unknown
date/period: (10th-11th century)
country/origin: France
medium: Gold and Gemstones over wooden core
context:
- the single most important attraction for pilgrims to Sainte Foy church was the saint’s relics contained in this statue
  - she opens arms as if welcoming people to the church
  - covered in gold and jewels

title: Last Judgement
artist:
date/period: (c.1120-35) (N/A?)
country/origin: Sainte-Foy, Conques
medium: stone
context:
- scene is the last judgement, in which christ determines which souls will spend eternity in heaven or hell.
- depictions of heaven and hell vary among people. however, the idea of the last judgement stays pretty constant.
- this scultpure is intended to act as a reminder of the passage of time and of the belief that the unrighteous will be condemned to “eternal punishment, but the righteous will enter eternal life”

title: Last Judgement-Weighing of the Souls
artist: Gislebertus
date/period: (c.1120-35)
country/origin: France
medium: stone
context:
- zoomed in
- shows different angles and devils weighing themselves
- the irony of this message is that the saved human soul appears to weigh more, and the damned weigh less.
  - since the damned are destined to go down, their lesser “substance” is shown by the scale. the saved “go up” but actually weigh more because of their greater spiritual substance

title: Stavelot Triptych
artist: unknown
date/period: (c.1156-58)
country/origin: Belgium
medium: gold, cluisonne enamel inlay
context:
- depicts scenes from the popular medieval Legend of the True Cross-the Cross of Jesus, as opposed to the crosses of the two thieves crucified with him.
- the scenes convey to the medieval pilgrim a message about the power of the Cross and its role in establishing Christianity as the official religion of Rome.
  - the Vision of Constantine, represented as a dream, set in to motion this sequence of events

title: Life of Saint Dennis
artist: unknown
date/period: (c. 1317 BC)
country/origin: France
medium: Gothic manuscript illumination; hand written
context:
- scene depicts the everyday life of the Earthly City (14th century France)
- this manuscript contains 27 illuminations that narrate the life of Saint Dennis
  - in this scene, the saint asks two others to write his biography

title: Interior of Saint Dennis
artist: Abbot Suger
date/period: 1140-44 BC
country/origin: France
medium: stained glass windows, columns and rib vaults.
context:
- under suger’s revision a new sense of architectural unity was created

title: Rib Vault
artist: unknown
date/period: (11th Century)
country/origin: interior of Saint-Dennis. France
medium: Stone, wood
context:
- replaces the earlier barrel vaults of romanesque.
- frees more space for windows
- could be made of lighter material
- efficient

title: Chartres Cathedral, South
artist: unknown
date/period: (13th Century) 1140-50
country/origin: France
medium: brick, concrete, wood, towers,
context:
- the construction of a cathedral was the largest single economic enterprise of the gothic era. provided jobs, and attracted thousands once it was finished. provided focus for community activities
- this cathedral combines the best-preserved Early Gothic architecture with High Gothic, as well as demonstrating the transitional developments in between.
- there is symbolic Christian significance in the arrangement of the geometric shapes

title: Typanum
artist: unknown
date/period: (1145-70 BC)
country/origin: France
medium: stone
context:
- Represents the second coming of christ
- iconographic totality- offers the visitor a Christian view of history.

title: Rose Window -Chartres Cathedral
artist: unknown
date/period: (13th Century)
country/origin: France
medium: Glass, mosaic
context:
- at the center of the rose window is a small circle containing an image of mary and the infant Christ, surrounded by 12 even smaller circles.
  - a reference to the 12 apostles
- Wherever possible and appropriate, Gothic artists integrated Christian dogma into the cathedrals. They were supreme monuments to the glory of God

title: Last Judgement
artist: Gislebertus
date/period: 1120-35
country/origin: Burgundy
medium: stone
context:
- represents a large, imposing figure of Christ appearing in a majestic light at the Last Judgement
- Christ’s left hand indicates the weighing of souls on the lower tier

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