test 1 vocab. & general info

Question 1

abstract

Answer 1

• describes forms that do not accurately depict real objects
• artist may be attempting to convey the essence of an object rather than its actual appearance
• glossary definition: in painting or sculpture, having a generalized or essential form with only a symbolic resemblance to natural objects

Question 2

archaic style

Answer 2

• painting technique used is black-figure
• monumental sculpture of human figures first appear, influenced by Egyptians

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Question 3

archaic time period

Answer 3

c. 600-480 B.C.

Question 4

black-figure painting example

Answer 4

(page 88)

• artists painted the figures in black silhouettes with slips made of clay and water.
• details were added with with sharp tool, exposing orange clay beneath.
• vase is then baked in a kiln in three different stages.
• final result is the oxidization process: turns surface reddish-orange and painted areas black

Question 5

cannon of proportions

Answer 5

• commonly accepted guidelines for depicting the ideal human figure by specifying the relationships of the parts of the body to one another to the whole
• vary from culture to culture and have evolved over time

example: based on the old kingdom canon as it was used at saqqara during the reign of Zoser

Question 6

carve

Answer 6

• a subtractive sculptural technique in which the sculptor uses a sharp instrument (such as knife, gouge, or chisel) to remove material from a hard surface (bone, wood, or stone).
• after the image is shaped, it can be sanded, filed, or polished

Question 7

caryatid

Answer 7

a supporting column in post-and-lintel construction carved to represent a human (generally female) figure

Question 8

classical style

Answer 8

• shows red-figure technique and more naturalistic
• EARLY classical
  
  • produced radical changes in the approach to the human figure
    
    • the best example of this: Kritos Boy
  • widespread change from marble to bronze for large-scale sculptures
    
    • “lost-wax” process
• HIGH Classical
  
  • “golden age” of greek art
  • art reflects cultural and intellectual achievements of Greece
  • artists idealized human form. figures are usually young, nicely proportioned and symmetrical. but lack personality and expression

Question 9

classical time period

Answer 9

c. 480-400 B.C.
early: c. 480-450 B.C.
late: c. 450-400 B.C.

Question 10

colonnade

Answer 10

series of columns set at regular intervals, usually supporting arches or an entabluature.

Question 11

contrapposto (or counterpoise)

Answer 11

a stance of the human body in which one leg bears the weight while the other is relaxed, creating an asymmetry in the hip-shoulder axis

Question 12

corinthian order (base, column, and capital)

Answer 12

base: circular, looks like it has three layers
column: used mainly in interiors by the greeks- associated w/ luxury and “feminine” character. curved with vertical indentions from top to bottom
capital: elegant, curved like it is in layers

Question 13

cromlech

Answer 13

• neolithic megalith
• megalithic structures in which groups of menhirs form circles or semicircles
• clearly marked sacred spaces

glossary definition: a prehistoric monument consisting of a circle of monoliths

Question 14

dolmen

Answer 14

• neolithic megalith
• chambers/enclosures consisting of two or more vertical stones supporting a large single stone, much as legs support a table
• imbued by neolthic people w symbolic associations
• the first dolmens were tombs. they were later turned into passageways. some decorated with carvings, others were painted.

glossary definition: a prehistoric structure consisting of two or more megaliths capped with a horizontal slab

Question 15

doric order (base, column, capital)

Answer 15

• base: three steps
• column: spacy (??)
• capital: three elements
  
  • necking- snug band at the top of the shaft
  • echinos- above necking; flat, curved element with rounded sides (like a plate)
  • abacus- flat, square; formed by the echinos transition between the curved shaft to this.

Question 16

geometric style

Answer 16

• characterized by rectilinear, meander patterns
• best known for pottery and small-scale scultpures
• painting and pottery: meander patterns

Question 17

geometric time period

Answer 17

c. 1000-700 B.C.

Question 18

hellenistic style

Answer 18

shows white-ground painting technique

Question 19

hellenistic time period

Answer 19

450-323 BC

Question 20

hierarchical scale (or hierarchical proportion)

Answer 20

the representation of more important figures as larger than less important ones

Question 21

ionic order (base, column, and capital)

Answer 21

• base: round base w/ an alternating convex and concave profile
• column: curved, has vertical indentions like corinthian, but they are not as frequent.. are more spread out
• capital: two swirls, elegant also

Question 22

kore/korai

Answer 22

• greek for “girl” archaic sculptures of standing women
• generally represent votive figures of girls who serve Athena

Question 23

kouros

Answer 23

• greek word for “youth” archaic life-size statues of standing males
• ex. of appearance: (pg. 91)
  
  • maintains standard egyptian frontal pose.
  • left leg extended forward w/ no bend at the knee, hips or waist.
  • arms are at side. fists clenched and elbows turned back.
  • sculptor makes changes to emphasize human anatomy.
  • kouros is cut away from the original block of marble, leaving open spaces between the arms and body and between the legs.

Question 24

lost wax technique

Answer 24

• lost wax bronze casting (aka cireperdue)
• a technique for casting bronze and other metals

Question 25

meander pattern

Answer 25

a fret or key pattern originating from the Greek geometric period

Question 26

megalith

Answer 26

a large, undressed stone used in the construction of prehistoric monuments

Question 27

menhir

Answer 27

• neolithic megalith
• unhewn or slightly shaped single stones, usually standing upright in the ground

glossary: a prehistoric monolith standing alone or grouped with other stones

Question 28

monolith

Answer 28

a large block of stone that is all in one piece used in megalithic structures

Question 29

naos

Answer 29

the inner sanctuary of an ancient greek temple; main room

Question 30

naturalistic

Answer 30

a style of art seeking to represent objects as they actually appear in nature

Question 31

neolithic period

Answer 31

• (c. 6000/4000-2000 BC)
• Stonehenge

Question 32

orientalizing style

Answer 32

• shapes become larger and more curvilinear
• shows influences of eastern art and, around the same time, monumental sculptures began to develop

paintings and pottery: shapes become larger and more curvilinear than those in Geometric style, and geometric patterns are regulated to borders of the main image

Question 33

orientalizing time period

Answer 33

c. 700-600 B.C.

Question 34

paleolithic

Answer 34

• (c. 1,500,000-8,000 BC)
• Venus of Willendorf and Lion Panel

Question 35

pigment

Answer 35

• the basis of color, which is the most eye-catching aspect of most paintings.
• a powdered substance that is used to give color to paints, inks, and dyes
  
  • organic form of powdered substance: plants or animal matter
  • inorganic: minerals and semiprecious stones

Question 36

post-and-lintel construction

Answer 36

an architectural system in which upright members, or posts, support horizontal members or lintels

Question 37

praxitilean curve

Answer 37

• term used to describe leading Athenian sculptor Praxitiles’ sculpture, Aphrodite of Knidos
• gentle S-shape, that outlines the stance of the statue

Question 38

what are the three greek orders?

Answer 38

• doric, ionic, and corinthion
• architectural systems used by the Greeks and Romans to decorate and define the post-and-lintel system of construction

Question 39

white ground painting technique

Answer 39

style of pottery painting in which the decorations are usually black on a white background.

Question 40

red figure technique

Answer 40

style of pottery painting in which the decorating is red on a black background.