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Neurobiology > Test 3 - Motion, Sleep, Feeding Review > Flashcards

Test 3 - Motion, Sleep, Feeding Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

the contracile unit of a muscle

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2
Q

What makes up a sarcomere?

A

actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)

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3
Q

How does a sarcomere contract?

A
  1. action potential down motor neuron leads to Ach release
  2. Ionotropic Ach receptor on skeletal muscle cell receives Ach
  3. Na+ enters and depolarization
  4. After depolarization, ion channels open in sarcoplasmic reticulum (propagation into T tubules)
  5. Ca is released and goes down the concentration gradient
  6. Tropoin binds to Ca
  7. Tropomyosin is released and actin is available
  8. Myosin heads slide on actin filaments which leads to muscle contraction
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4
Q

Motor unit

A

motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates (motor pool + motor pool)

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5
Q

Motor pools

A

cluster of motor neurons that innervate the same muscle (ventral spinal cord/brainstem)

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6
Q

How are motor pools and units used in a particular motion using antagonistic muscle pairs?

A

The knee jerk reflex - perform oppostie actions and often fire in succesion (in order for motor pool A to be excited the Pool B is inhibited by interneuron)

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7
Q

What are the motor cortex’s roles in motion?

A
  1. command center to initiate voluntary movement
  2. integrate info from multiple sensory systems
  3. send descending axons to motor control regions of brainstem, spinal cord interneurons, and motor neurons
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8
Q

What is the brainstem’s role in motion?

A
  1. motor control starts here
  2. mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) initiates locomotion
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9
Q

What is the cerebellums role in motion?

A

fine control of movement and motor learning

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10
Q

How does the cerebellum control fine movement?

A

inferior olivary nucleus (glutamate) -> purkinje cells (GABA) -> deep cerebella nuclei

or

motor cortex -> pons (dopamine) -> granule cells -> parallel fibers (glutamate) -> purkinje fibers

Purkinjes are gabaergic and send info to vestibular nuclei

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11
Q

Extrapyramidal system

A

coordinating and processing motor commands at subconscious level

includes:
1. basal ganglia & assc. structures
2. subthalamic nucleus
3. substantia nigra

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12
Q

How do the striatum, substantia nigra, thalamus, and cortex regulate motion activity in brainstem.

A

Striatum receives info from cerebral motor cortex and sends it in two different pathways (direct & indirect)

pathways dependent on dopamine - can turn on striatum with dopamine from dopamine neurons which increase GABA signaling - in otherwords dopamine modulates excitatory synaptic connections b/w cerebral cortex and thalamus

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13
Q

Direct D1 Pathway

A

D1 of Striatum -> globus pallidus internal (GABA) -> brainstem)

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14
Q

Indirect D2 Pathway

A

D2 of Striatum -> globus pallidus external (GABA) -> STN (glutamate) -> GPI (GABA) -> brainstem

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15
Q

Another name for striatum

A

caudate putamen

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16
Q

Smooth muscle vs. skeletal muscle regulation:

A

smooth (cardiac & endocrine) is regulated by autonomic nervous system

skeletal is regulated by motor system = CNS (Ach) -> skeletal muscle

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17
Q

Sympathetic control

A

CNS (Ach) -> sympathetic ganglia of PNS (NE) -> smooth muscle

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18
Q

Parasympathetic control

A

CNS (Ach) -> parasympathetic ganglia of PNS (Ach) -> smooth muscle

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19
Q

ANS - prefrontal cortex

A
  • awareness of how visceral organs feel
  • sends to amygdala
  • receives from insular cortex
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20
Q

ANS - amygdala

A
  • emotion
  • recieves from thalmus, insular cortex, and prefrontal cortex
  • sends feedback to cortex, brainstem and hypothalamus
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21
Q

ANS - hypothalamus

A
  • receives from amygdala
  • sends to brainstem & preganglionic neurons
22
Q

ANS - brainstem

A
  • receives from hypothalamus and amygdala
  • sends to preganglionic neurons
23
Q

ANS - pre/post-ganglionic neurons

A

pre: innervate post-ganglionic
post: innervate affectors

24
Q

ANS - insular cortex

A
  • works with prefrontal to make cerebral control center of ANS
  • receives from thalamus
  • fx: taste, pain, sensation from internal organs
25
Q

ANS - thalamus

A
  • receives from parabrachial nucleus
  • sends to insular & amygdala
26
Q

ANS - parabrachial nucleus

A

info from NTS sends info through here from brainstem to thalamus

27
Q

ANS - Nucelus of solitary tract (NTS)

A

collects sensory info from internal organs

28
Q

ANS - visceral sensory neurons

A

transmit info via NTS
receive from effectors

29
Q

Neuroendocrine system

A

collected parts of the nervous system that control the secretion of hormones to regulate physiology and behavior in response to sensory stimuli

30
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A
  1. control energy expenditure (food, metabolism)
  2. BP & electrolytes
  3. reproduction
  4. body temp
  5. emergency response (symp. activation & stress hormones)
  6. circadian rhythm & sleep
31
Q

What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus is the control center for hormone secretions of the pituitary

32
Q

Pituitary gland

A

the endocrine center of the brain

33
Q

Hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

A

anterior pituitary receives pre-hormones excreted by hypothalamus via portal vessel

34
Q

Hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

A

peptide hormones go directly into bloodstream via long axon

35
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate other organs?

A
  1. direct hormone release by hypothalamic neurons at the posterior pituitary
  2. stimulatory action of hypothalamic neurons on anterior pituitary endocrine cells
  3. inhibitory action of hypothalamic neurons on anterior pituitary endocrine cells
36
Q

Hypothalamus and thyroid relationship

A

stimulation of anterior pituitary leads to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) sent from hypothalamus to pituitary and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)/prolactin release in thyroid (metabolism & milk production)

37
Q

What is leptin?

A

secreted hormone protein (coded by OB gene in mice) - negatively regulates intake through its actions on specific neurons in the brain

38
Q

Where does leptin come from in the body?

A

adipose tissue

39
Q

What does leptin do in the brain?

A

inhibition of eating

40
Q

How does leptin inhibit eating in the brain? (1st pathway)

A
  1. leptin activates POMC neurons (leptin receptors) -> less GABA inhibition -> depolarize POMC
  2. POMC cleaved -> into the neuropetides d-MSH & MCHR
  3. appetite reduced with binding to neuropeptides
41
Q

How does leptin inhibit eating in the brain? (2nd pathway)

A
  1. leptin inhibits AgRP neurons (appetite stimulators)
  2. inhibition of eating
42
Q

How does sugar and fat lead to sugar addiction?

A

Leptin & insulin increase from food intake can activate the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventral tegmental area which once activated by insulin secretion makes dopamine which increases addiction risk

43
Q

What happens to genes’ expression all over the body during the 24 hour day?

A

circadian rhythm

44
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

self-sustained oscillations in organisms behavior, physiology, and biochemistry

45
Q

Explain the relationship b/w CLOCK, BMAL, PERs, and CRYs:

A

PERs & CRYs dimerize and neg. regulate the transcription factors CLOCK & BMAL1 (which both affect Circadian rhythm output) - CLOCK & BMAL1 form a complex and bind to the promoter and activate transcription of PER & CRY which enter and neg. regulate the other other complex which stops their own production = a negative feedback loop

46
Q

Light entrainment

A

circadian rhythm phases ability to be reset by light (i.e. recover from jetlag)

47
Q

ipRGCs

A

intrinsically photosensitive RGCs - send light to suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

48
Q

What happens to ipRGCs in light?

A

light activates ipRGCs -> release glutamate on SCN of hypothalamus neurons -> Ca entry, kinase activation, and phosphorylation of CREB -> CREB tx factor for PVH (temp. control nucleus of hypothalamus)

49
Q

What happens to ipRGCs in dark?

A

does not activate -> no glutamate sent -> something happens here -> pineal gland excitation -> makes melatonin

50
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

master regulator of light entrainment - circadian rhythm regulation (circadian pacemaker neurons)

51
Q

Pineal gland in the dark

A

no glutame from ipRGCs -> SNC doesn’t inhibit PVH -> PVH is active & excites pineal gland -> melatonin secreted

Neurobiology (15 decks)

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