Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurobiology > Test 2 - Other Senses > Flashcards

Test 2 - Other Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Odorant

A

chemicals/molecules that lead to olfactory perception (ligand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

first olfactory processing center in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Glomerulus

A

axon endings of ORN terminate here where they form synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Olfactory cilia

A

dendrites into open space/external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens when an odorant binds to an olfactory receptor?

A
  1. odor molecule binds to GPCR (GDP-> GTP & activates effector)
  2. Adenylylcyclase (AC - effector) makes cAMP
  3. cAMP binds to CNG - Ca & Na enter cell & depolarize
  4. signaling goes to cell body & results in action potential of cell neuron receptor located in olfactory cilia (dendrite)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain the mechanisms of recovery and adaptation in olfaction.

A

built-in cut off
1. Ca binds to CAM -> CAMKII shuts of AC & stops making cAMP ->
2. activates PDE -> cuts of CAMP -> cuts up cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Recovery

A

fast hyperpolarization for responding to future olfactory cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Adaptation

A

modification of sensation due to prior experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are recovery and adaptation important and what is important factor in both?

A

Both use Ca - and they make sure you can respond to future smells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is it possible one person can perceive a smell as sweet and another person perceives it as disgusting?

A

Polymorphisms (androstenone - incomplete dominance - people with both copies can smell sweet vanilla sometimes and sickening smell other times - depending on what protein they are expressing at a given time) - also epigenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do we know regarding the ORN to golmerulus to mitral cell connectivity?

A

each ORN expresses a single odorant receptor - to one glomerulus - to one mitral cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the purposes of olfactory information landing in the anterior olfactory nucleus

A

emotional connection to smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the purposes of olfactory information landing in the piriform cortex

A

smell associated with words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the purposes of olfactory information landing in the entorhinal cortex

A

gatekeeper for access to hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain the purposes of olfactory information landing in the olfactory tubercle

A

reward based (dopamine) output to smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the purposes of olfactory information landing in the cortical amygdala

A

emotional & smell input integrated (innate behavior & transgenerational)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do periglomerular cells do in regards to olfaction?

A

interneurons that receive input from ORN axons to spread inhibition to nearby glomeruli - used in lateral inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do granule cells do in olfaction?

A

input from mitral cells - used in lateral inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 5 taste types?

A
  1. sweet (glucose)
  2. salty (Na)
  3. Sour (protons)
  4. bitter (multiple)
  5. umami (glutamate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is taste different from flavor?

A

taste - only 5
flavor - can be a combo of the 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are taste buds and where are they located?

A

taste buds are bumps on different location of the tongue that contain taste pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the flow of information from the taste bud?

A

taste bud is made up of taste pores (down the side of the bud) -> made up of taste receptor cells (TRCs) -> travel by gustatory nerve -> to dorsal root ganglion

23
Q

Are certain tastes limited to certain regions of the tongue?

A

No they are no - not sure how we know (maybe because we can taste a taste all over the tongue and not just one region)

24
Q

Describe the path of taste info. from gustatory nerve to insular cortex

A

gustatory nerve (via peripheral axon) -> gustatory ganglion (w/in DRG) (via central axon) -> brainstem -> nucleus of solitary tract -> thalamus -> insular cortex

25
Q

Insular cortex

A

taste perception region

26
Q

What type of receptor detects sweet?

A

GPCR - T1R2 + T1R3

27
Q

What type of receptor detects umami?

A

GPCR - T1R1 + T1R3

28
Q

What type of receptor detects bitter?

A

GPCR - over 30 T2R

29
Q

What type of animal has a pseudogene for T1R1?

A

obligate herbivores (panda bears)

30
Q

What type of animal has a pseudogene for T1R2?

A

obligate carnivores (wolves & big cats)

31
Q

Why do some people perceive substances as bitter while others might perceive it as sweet?

A

There are so many T2R GPCR receptors that there is an increased possibility of receptor mutations - very sensitive can lead to picky eaters since all food can taste bitter

32
Q

How do you perceive salty?

A

Na+ ion channels - ENaC

33
Q

How do you perceive sour?

A

proton ion channels - Trp channels (PKD2L1 + PKD2L3)

34
Q

Why do you only taste salty things when you need salt?

A

because taste receptors only respond to Na+ when it’s low

35
Q

Describe the audition mechanism from sound waves coming to the outer ear to the auditory nerve.

A
  1. sound waves enter through external auditory canal
  2. vibrates eardrum -> ossicles -> fluid movement in cochlea
  3. fluid movement disturbs hair cells, which cause stereocilia to pivot/bend
  4. once bent, tip-link proteins pop open mechanical-gated K+ channels
  5. K+ goes down gradient leading to depolarization
  6. leads to voltage-Ca channels opening
  7. Ca promotes NT release and spiral ganlion peripheral neuron axons collection glutamate
36
Q

By what mechanisms are we able to distinguish pitch?

A

Postsynaptic spiral gangion neurons

37
Q

How do individual auditory fibers respond to frequency?

A
  1. sensitive to a certain frequency
  2. frequency based on cochlear location (thick/flexible = low frequency & thin/rigid = high freq.)
38
Q

How do individual auditory fibers respond to intensity?

A

inner hair cells
1. affected by # SGNs activated
2. firing rate of SGNs

39
Q

By what mechanism do we recognize auditory amplification?

A

motility of outer hair cells
1. positive deflection (open mechanotransduction channel and increase Ca)
2. electromotility (shortening of cell which is mediated by Prestin)

40
Q

Describe the sound mechanism from auditory nerve to auditory cortex.

A

cochlea -> auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei (ventral) -> superior olivary nuclei -> lateral lemniscus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> auditory cortex (cognition)

41
Q

How do we perceive sound from differing directions?

A

horizontal plane determination by:
1. ITD (time) hear before in on ear than other by medial superior olivary nucleus
2. ILD (level) sound louder on closer ear - lateral superior olivary nucleus

  • one side gets it and inhibits the other from hearing the same thing
42
Q

How does the ear function in perception of head placement, movement, and angular velocity?

A

cupula bends in the direction so flow of liquid goes against the angular velocity - otolith movement as well (forward/back)

43
Q

Proprioception

A

body positioning/movement

44
Q

Thermosensation

A

temperature

45
Q

Nociception

A

forms of touch perception and pain

46
Q

Pruriception

A

itching

47
Q

Interoception

A

internal organ function

48
Q

Which somatosensory nerve fiber types are heavily myelinated?

A

Aalpha & Abeta

49
Q

Which somatosensory nerve fiber types are lightly myelinated?

A

Adelta

50
Q

Which somatosensory nerve fiber types are not myelinated?

A

C

51
Q

What is the Aalpha fiber involved with?

A

proprioreception (ventral horn)

52
Q

What are the Abeta, Adelta, C fibers involved with?

A

touch, temperature, pain, itch (dorsal horn)

53
Q

Where do you find proprioceptive neuron endings?

A
  1. muscle spindles
  2. tendons
  3. joints
54
Q

Me lo

A

Neurobiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions