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Neurobiology > Test 1 - Nervous System Organization & Development > Flashcards

Test 1 - Nervous System Organization & Development Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve net

A

simple nervous system that is organized like a net and does not have a brain

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2
Q

Ganglia

A

brain region with function in PNS - or non-brain of squid (brain-like)

clusters of nerve cells in PNS

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3
Q

Dorsal

A

whole body = back
brain = top of brain

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4
Q

Ventral

A

body = belly
brain = bottom of brain

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5
Q

Medial

A

toward midline

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6
Q

Lateral

A

toward sides

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7
Q

Anterior

A

front (rostral)

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8
Q

Posterior

A

back (caudal)

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9
Q

Coronal section

A

vertical plane from crown of head down (frontal view)

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10
Q

Sagittal section

A

lengthways from front to back & viewed from side (medial view)

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11
Q

Horizontal section

A

looking down from above the brain (dorsal view)

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12
Q

Lamina

A

layer

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13
Q

Tract

A

pathway a nerve axon travels and nerve cell receiving info

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

area/brain region with certain function in CNS

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15
Q

Gyrus

A

raised brain area

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16
Q

Sulcus

A

sunk in trenches/grooves

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17
Q

Fissure

A

deeper division that sulcus (i.e. divides hemispheres of the brain)

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18
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

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19
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side

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20
Q

Lesion

A

anything that has damaged the brain - such as a concussion that bruises the brain the mark stays they forever

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21
Q

What is the difference between the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord (medial)
PNS - cranial and spinal nerves - ANS & SNS (peripheral)

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22
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A
  1. transmits sensation
  2. produces movement
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23
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

balances internal function

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24
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

arousing - fight or flight

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25
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

calming - rest or digest

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26
Q

Cortex

A

processing information

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27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates homeostasis through hormones

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28
Q

Amygdala

A

regulates emotions

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29
Q

Thalamus

A

incorporating sensory input (sensory relay center)

30
Q

Cerebellum

A

movement (fine motor) & sleep

31
Q

Pons & Medulla

A

motor skills - movement - basic functions

32
Q

Hippocampus

A

learning and memory center (interacts with prefrontal cortex)

33
Q

Basal ganglia

A

addiction and crosslink between emotion and movement (better broken into parts)

parts:
1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
3. globus pallidus

34
Q

Substantia nigra

A

dopamine production center

35
Q

Tectum

A

controls eye movements (corpora quadrigemina??)

36
Q

Tegmentum

A

has same functions as cerebellum - sleep, regulation etc.

37
Q

Pituitary gland

A

helps hypothalamus regulate homeostasis (growth and reproduction through use of hormones)

38
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

receives visual input

39
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

receives auditory input

40
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor and executive functions

41
Q

Parietal lobe

A

tactile functions

42
Q

Temporal lobe

A

visual, auditory, gustatory

43
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual functions

44
Q

Corpus callosum

A

connect hemispheres for hemisphere brain communication (damage can cause seizure disorders or autism)

45
Q

Ventricle

A

where CSF is stored & produced

46
Q

Caudate nucleus, putamen, Globus pallidus of the basal ganglia

A

movement and emotions - all associated with OCD

47
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

associated functionally (movement and emotions) with basal ganglia although not considered - OCD with damage

48
Q

What are the 4 categories of nerves that extend from the spinal cord?

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
49
Q

What is a dermatome

A

area of the body that is affected by a certain nerve location (map for expected pain relation to spinal injury)

50
Q

Describe the histology of the dorsal root ganglion of the PNS. What cells are there? What other features can one see?

A

unipolar nerve cells- ganglion cells, nuclei, satellite cells, and capillaries

51
Q

What is the proper information flow in a neuron?

A

Dendrite (receives info via electrical signal)-> cell body (integrates signal) -> axon (sends info)

52
Q

Ependymal cell

A
  1. line ventricles
  2. secrete CSF
  3. regulates volume of CSF
53
Q

Astrocytes

A

nutritive - keeps blood from touching brain/nerves - crosses blood-brain barrier

54
Q

Microglial cell

A

mesodermally derived - defensive function (basically immune cells)

55
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

myelinate multiple cells in CNS

56
Q

Schwann cell

A

myelinate single cell in PNS

57
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

gap between two cells

58
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

release neurotransmitters from presynaptic cell (sending message)

59
Q

Postsynaptic specialization

A

on dendrite specialized for a certain neurotransmitter

60
Q

Electrical vs. chemical synapse

A

electrical - ion flows at gap junction
chemical - neurotransmitter at gap junction

61
Q

When it comes to shape what is the difference between sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons?

A
  1. sensory = pseudounipolar
  2. interneurons = bipolar
  3. motor neurons = multi-polar
62
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

electrical potential difference across neuronal membrane reflecting a distribution of charges (+ and -) on each side of the membrane

63
Q

What is the all or none conduction principle?

A

to get a response in muscle cell you have to meet a certain threshold for there to be a change - if not nothing will happen (a light stimulus such as a feather may not trigger a response, but an anvil definitely would)

64
Q

What is an action potential?

A

unit of nerve impulses axons use to convey information over a long distance (all or none) - travel down axons to release neurotransmitters

65
Q

What is a graded/local potential?

A

membrane potentials that can change in continuous values (rather than all or none)

66
Q

Where do we see graded potentials?

A

In smell and senses - this is what causes nose blindness

67
Q

What are dendritic spines?

A

locations on dendrites that are enriched in receptors for neurotransmitters

68
Q

What is a neural circuit?

A

ensemble of interconnected neurons that act together to perform a specific function

69
Q

Explain how the knee-jerk reflex works

A

It starts with a stimulus on the extensor muscle which sends a signal to the muscle spindle which then sends sensory information to the spinal cord. This sensory neuron excites the extensor motor neuron essentially activating while inhibiting the antagonistic flexor motor neuron or deactivating it (sensory neuron of extensor activates inhibitory interneuron that inhibits motor neuron of flexor). This action causes the leg to pop out when the doctor hits it with the mallet and can be an indicator of nerve damage if the reflex is not working as it should.

70
Q

How are we aware of the knee-jerk reflex?

A
  1. primary somatosensory cortex - awareness of how the jerk felt
  2. primary motor cortex - awareness that the leg is moving

Neurobiology (15 decks)

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