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Neurobiology > Test 3 - Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Test 3 - Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Working memory

A

short-term - explicit

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2
Q

Spatial memory

A

facts & events
long-term - explicit

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3
Q

Habits/motor skills

A

long-term & implicit

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4
Q

Implicit memory

A

previous experience aids in task performance without conscious recall

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5
Q

Explicit memory

A

declarative memory that requires conscious recall (names, facts, events)

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6
Q

Short-term memory

A

seconds to minutes

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7
Q

Long-term memory

A

hours to days

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8
Q

Short-term sensitization

A
  1. serotonin binds to GPCR receptors
  2. two pathways activated
    2a. DAG -> PKC -> voltage gated Ca (comes in) K (goes out) channels open -> enhance NT release
    2b. CAMP -> PKA -> same as above
  3. Ca presence causes sensory neurons releasing more vesicles with glutamate
  • sensory input -> sensory neuron -> (5-HTP interneuon = increase glu. increase response) -> motor neuron -> innervates muscle
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9
Q

Long-term sensitization

A
  1. serotonin binds to GPCR receptors
  2. CAMP -> PKA -> CREB
  3. CREB binds to CRE site which increase gene expression
  4. Ca in & K out leads to increase neurotransmitter release and increase attraction (the more serotonin synapses the cluster together sensory and motor grow together)
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10
Q

Associate facilitation

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - “meat”
1. Depolarization - Ca enters
2. activate AC -> CAMP -> PKA
3. PKA increase releases glutamate
4. Glutamate binds to NMDAR on motor neuron which increases Ca and depolarization (retrograde enhances facilitating)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - “bell”
1. depolarize sensory neuron - serotonin
2. AC -> CAMP -> PKA

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11
Q

Associative facilitation using Pavlov’s experiment.

A

The dog smells the meat, which leads to serotonin binding to 5-HT GPCR receptor. Alpha ADP-> ATP -> CAMP -> PKA -> NT glutamate is released, and there is salivation with food. When glutamate binds to NMDAR. Ca increase and leads to depolarization which sends a retrograde signal back to the sensory neuron. Strengthening response so when the bell is heard the sensory depolarizes calcium increases and cycle starts again.

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12
Q

LTP

A

long-term potentiation - facilitating synapse - excitatory neurotransmitters (high frequency - brief time)

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13
Q

LTD

A

long -term depression - depressing synapse - inhibitory neurotransmitters - (low frequency - over long period)

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14
Q

Hippocampus in learning and memory

A
  • dentate gyrus: 1st place build emotional connection with memory
  • hippocampal region: all memory starts here
  • parahippocampal - store memory here
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15
Q

Is the hippocampus more involved in LTP or LTD?

A

LTP

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16
Q

Hebb’s postulate

A

axon of cell A is near enough to cell B to excite cell B and repeatedly fire… some growth process/metabolic changes can take place to increase cell A to B communication efficiency

17
Q

What does Hebb’s postulate refer to?

A

synaptic modulation & plasticity

18
Q

Cerebellum in learning and memory

A

cerebellar repetitive circuitry - control of motor learning

19
Q

Is the cerebellum more involved in LTP or LTD?

A

LTD

20
Q

What cell type is primarily responsible for the GABA release in the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje cells

21
Q
  1. Describe the habitual type of memory and relate this to walking.
A

Thalamus -> cortex -> ventral striatum

22
Q

Striatum role in learning and memory

A

“habitual response”

23
Q

Ventral striatum

A

gain access to favorable outcome (habit related)

24
Q

Dorsal striatum

A

spatial accuracy, less “reward” based (mostly motor)

25
Q

What role does the amygdala play in memory formation?

A
  1. mediates emotional influence on attention, perception, and regulating emotional responses in the body
  2. acquiring emotional disposition (fear conditioning)
  3. modulating memory (emotion enhances memory) (decrease NEPI, Increase activity of amygdala, decrease other brain areas)
26
Q

What areas of the brain does the amygdala affect, and what are some potential outcomes?

A
  1. anterior pituitary - stress hormone release
  2. DMV - parasympathetic control
  3. central gray - emotional behavior
  4. lateral hypothalamus - sympathetic activation
  5. RPC - reflex potentiation
  6. Basal nucleus - cortical arousal and attention
27
Q

How does emotion enhance memory?

A

emotion = arousing event -> releases epi and glucocorticoids -> increase norepi in amygdala -> increase consolidation of memory and other brain areas (hormonal systems)

  • experience and emotional arousal can cause increase norepi
28
Q

Posterior cortex

A

organized for serial and parallel processing for each sensory modality

29
Q

Anterior cortex

A

similar hierarchy of motor areas, and assc. areas in PFC

30
Q

Repetition priming

A

repeating previously presented items as unaltered or fragments of the original - leads to decrease in cortical areas in initial processing of stimulus

31
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in learning/memory?

A
  1. planning
  2. higher-order cognition
  3. working memory

Neurobiology (15 decks)

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