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Test 3: Micro > Test 3: Intro to Parasites > Flashcards

Test 3: Intro to Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Before the 1700’s, what did they think cause tooth decay?

A

worms
- proven due to bacteria

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2
Q

How are parasites relevant in oral disease?

A
  • 2 protozoa are
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3
Q

If it benefits both organism and other organism?

A

mutalism

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4
Q

What is the definition of a parasite?

A
  • when one organism lives in close association with and usually at the expense of another
  • usually do not kill
  • due to result of long co-evolutationary histories
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5
Q

Why don’t parasites kill?

A
  • because they require the host to survive and have adapted overtime
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6
Q

Is TB considered to be in parasitology?

A
  • no, only because they thought TB germs would kill although they fit the other criteria
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7
Q

What does parasitology usually have in common in regards to the disciplines/criteria?

A

medical entomology (insects)

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8
Q

What is the definition of a definitive host?

A
  • where sexually mature adult parasite lives
    (zygote type of protozoan)
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9
Q

What is the definition of intermediate host?

A
  • supports a stage in parasite development
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10
Q

What is the definition of a dead-end host?

A
  • on where the parasite does not replicate or transmit, but dies which can potentially cause more significant disease
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11
Q

What are protozoans?

A
  • single-celled eukaryotes
  • greek for first animals
  • originally classified by type of motility: flagellates
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12
Q

Does sporozoa move?

A

No! It does NOT move

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13
Q

What is another word for helminths?

A
  • worms and flukes
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14
Q

How are the major human infections involved in helminths spread? (the big 3)

A
  • soil-transmitted
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15
Q

What are the big 3 helminths?

A
  • giant roundworm (ascaris lumbercoides)
  • whipworm (trichuris trichuria)
  • hookworms (necator and ancylostoma)
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16
Q

Which are arguably the most common infectious agents?

A

helminths

17
Q

Who does pinworms infect?

A

infect nearly all children and adults are asymptomatic

18
Q

What is toxoplasma gondii?

A
  • an intracellular protozoan
  • risk of congenital transmission/ocular disease so only a problem with pregnant women
  • often asymptomatic with rates at 50%
19
Q

What is trichomonas vaginalis?

A
  • often asymptomatic venereal disease
20
Q

What is giardia?

A
  • most common acute symptomatic human parasite disease
  • no geographic boundaries
  • commonly seen in urban and rural
21
Q

What percent of humans have parasite infections?

A
  • an estimate of 50% with 4.46 billion
22
Q

How many US people were parasite positive in the stool specimen research?

A
  • 10-33%
23
Q

What are blastocysts?

A

algae-like protozoan
- have some common symptoms with GI problems

24
Q

What are the 4 modes of parasitic infections transmission?

A
  • ingestion
  • direct skin penetration
  • direct person to person
  • insect bites
25
Q

What is the one distinctive feature of all parasites?

A
  • malnutrition (lose weight)
26
Q

Why are many parasitic infections less acute compared to viral/bacterial diseases?

A
  • co-evolution favors reduced host damage
27
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis have to do with parasites?

A
  • big families and the kids have a lot less autoimmune diseases
  • worms are our friends and we shouldn’t eliminate them or we will have more autoimmune disease
28
Q

How are parasites transmitted?

A
  • egg cysts/ larvae
  • penetrate skin as adult parasites
  • toxoplasma= congenitally
29
Q

How can we reduce parasite infection?

A
  • clean water infrastructure, sanitation
30
Q

What is the tx for parasites?

A
  • most commonly respond well to tx
  • anti parasitic drugs target eukaryotic cells
  • for protozoans: metronidizaole (flagyl)
  • for worms: benzamidazoles
31
Q

How does metronidazoles work?

A
  • convert to an active agent by anaerobic metabolism which then causes DNA damage
  • for protozoans
  • not much resistance to it because it’s not specific
32
Q

How does benzamidazoles work?

A
  • interfere with nematode tubule function, killing worm movement and worms in several days
  • for worms
33
Q

What is the prevention for parasites?

A
  • not many vaccines for parasites
  • really just improve sanitation and hygiene and insect vector control programs
  • insect nets treated with pyarthin
34
Q

What should travelers consider for parasitic invention?

A
  • wearing minimal shoes to avoid hookworms
  • mosquito netting, insect repelling
  • avoid swimming in fresh water
  • eating food more cooked
  • remain hydrated
35
Q

What ribosome grouping does ciliates have?

A

16s
(not 18s like eukaryotes)

36
Q

What ribosome grouping does ciliates have?

A

16s
(not 18s like eukaryotes)

37
Q

What is the insect parasite worth mentioning?

A

head louse
- spread head-to-head

38
Q

What is nightsoil fertilizer?

A

good fertilizer where many worm eggs live and survive in it

Test 3: Micro (6 decks)

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