test 3 integumentary Flashcards by Madison Moses

structure of skin

epidermis

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epidermis latin

epi: upon or above
dermis: skin

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epidermis definition

the upper most region

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integumentary/epidermis function

protection of skin and underlying tissue
prevents H20 loss and gain

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integumentary/epidermis structure

stratified squamous epithelial

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integumentary/epidermis cells

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel cells

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keratinocytes

“horn like”

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melanocytes

melan: black
8% of epithelial
produce melanin
transfer melanin to keratinocytes
cells form a “veil” over the nucleus to protect the DNA from UV rays/ damages

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langerhan’s cells

dendritic cells
originate in red bone marrow (found in long bones)
initiate immune response

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merkel cells

least abundant
found in deepest layer of epidermis
touch and pressure

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layers of epidermis

hypodermis
dermis
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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stratum basale

furthest away from surface
single layer
tissue regeneration (youngest skin at the bottom, oldest at the top)

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stratum spinosum

8-20 layers
means thorn-like
when cells are fixed: spiny/thorn like in appearance
helps connect joining cells

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stratum granulosum

3-5 layers
“little grains”
cells look flat
cells are dying/deteriorating: aka apoptosis

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stratum lucidum

3-5 layers
clear
only found in THICK skin

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stratum corneum

25-30 layers
horn like
the layer we continually shed because these are the dead skin cells
we lose in our life about 40 pounds of skin
where the layer thickens: callous

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dermis found

found below epidermis

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dermis function

lots of collagen and elastic fibers: to stretch or prevent tearing
-collagen helps bind H20 to skin= hydrated
holds body together
nutrition for skin and sensory perception

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dermis structure

blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles
dense irregular CT

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papillary layer

cause epidermis to raise
ex) finger prints
areolar CT
receptors for touch, pain, pressure

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hypodermis found

subcutaneous layer (fat layer)

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hypodermis function

fat storage, energy source, insulation, nerve endings

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hypodermis structure

areolar and adipose CT
attach itself to organs/tissues
large blood vessels -> supply the skin

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skin color

melanin
carotene
hemoglobin

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melanin

produced by melanocytes all humans have the same # of melanocytes but its the amount of melanin being produced

albinism

no melanin is produced in hair, skin, eye

freckles

accumulations of melanin

carotene

"carrot" vitamin A: precursor to help with vision

hemoglobin

pink -> red pigments due to the amount of hemoglobin and O2 in blood

what is the largest organ of your body

skin/epidermis/integumentary

when you look at your skin, which layer can you actually see

epidermis

what gives skin its color

melanin

what is the primary function of the integumentary system

to protect

thick skin is found

the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

the ____ you go through the epidermis, the ______ the cells get

deeper; younger

why is getting too much sun bad for you

UV radiation damages the elastin fibers in skin UV radiation can cause DNA damage which could lead to cancer sun exposure can depress the skin's immune response

so then the cells at the surface of the skin are

older

one of the main functions of the skin is sensation which includes

touch, pressure, temperature and pain

the hypodermis is made of adipose tissue, which is

fat

which are parts of your Integumentary System

skin, nails, hair

which type of corpuscles detect pressure

lamellar

lamellar corpuscles

detect pressure, corpuscles are also known as Pacinian corpuscles

what type of corpuscles detect light touch

tactile

sensitive to light touch

when you need more blood supplied to your organs (e.g. when you are working out) your nervous system _____ your dermal blood vessels to release the extra blood into circulation

constricts (vasoconstricts)

another function of the integumentary system

about 5% of your blood volume is retained in your skin at any given time

thermoregulation

the process your body uses to maintain your internal body temperature at or around the set point of 37C

hypothermia

the condition that results when your internal body temperature falls below the set point of 37C

a yellowing of the skin, or ______, may indicate that the liver is unable to excrete bile. As a result, a yellowish pigment accumulates in body fluids. l In advanced stages, the skin and whites of the eye turn yellow.

jaundice

blue skin, or _____, can occur when exposed to cold temperatures for prolonged periods of time. During a sustained reduction in the circulatory supply, the oxygen levels in the tissues decline (also known as hypoxia), and under these conditions, hemoglobin releases oxygen and turns a much darker red. In addition to poor circulation, blue skin may also be an indication of heart failure or severe respiratory issues.

cyanosis

skin that appears flushed and red in color is known as ____. Other conditions that can result in a more pronounced red coloration of the skin include: fever, inflammation and allergy.

erythema

cells responsible for the production of melanin are called ____

melanocytes

melanoma

melanoma is a form of skin cancer

Our skin cells contain a molecule that converts to vitamin ____ when it comes into contact with UV light. It is the only vitamin that our body can actually produce on its own.

Vitamin D

vitamin D that your body produces is important

in bone cell development

the ____ is the portion of the hair that extends above the epidermis and is where keratinization is complete

shaft

the portion which we see on the surface. it extends from the halfway point of the hair (that is anchored into the skin) to the exposed tip of the hair.

the skin contains two types of swear glands, or _____ glands. These glands secrete salty, watery sweat.

sudoiferous

____ sweat glands (also called merocrine sweat glands) can be found in the palms, forehead and soles of the feet

eccrine

____ sweat glands can be found in the armpits, around the nipples and in the pubic region and secrete their products into hair follicles around the hairs in the armpits, nipples and groin

apocrine

____ glands, or oil glands, are holocrine glands that discharge an oily lipid secretion called sebum into hair follicles. they are found everywhere except tin the thick skin (in the palms of the hand and soles of the feet)

sebaceous

defenses and initial injury

skin mucous membranes cilia strong stomach acid

inflammatory response

generalized, non-specifc body response attempts to prevemt further

immune response

extreme specific vigorously attacks harmful invades (bacteria, viruses, toxins)

regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

fibrosis

repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (formation of scar tissue)

clean cuts

usually heal well

ragged tears

more likely to scar

granulation tisue

delicate pink tissue, new capillaries form here new capillaries form from nearby, undamaged blood vessels bleed freely if scab is picked

phagocytes

dispose of blood clot break down connective tissue cells (fibroblasts)

collagen fibers

made by fibroblasts scar tissue (permanently bridges gap)

surface tissue regenrates

makes its way across granulation tissue (just under scab) scab detaches

beautiful healing

skin epidermis mucous membranes fibrous connective tissues (collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers) bone

poor regeneration

skeletal muscle

replaced largely with scar tissue

cardiac muscle nervous tissue

scar tissue characteristics

strong lacks flexibility

scar tissue functions

not able to carry out functions of tissue it replaces homeostatic imbalance could occur in body systems wall of bladder -> incontinence heart -> decreased of oxygen delivery to tissues