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FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintain stable, internal conditions no matter what changes are occurring outside the body

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2
Q

Positive feedback

A

change in the same direction;
Ex. labor contractions: body helps push the baby out

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3
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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4
Q

distal

A

further from the trunk

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5
Q

Yellow bone marrow-

A

fat is stored in yellow marrow along with minerals, calcium. And phosphorus. Found in the medullary cavity of long bones

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber-

A

striated (long and slender) most abundant, helps in voluntary movements found in bones and places in the skin

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7
Q

Stratum basale-

A

furthest away from the surface (base) it is a single thick layer and helps with tissue regeneration (this is where we find them)

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8
Q

Stratum corneum-

A

25-30 layers and horn-like. It’s the layer we continually shed, we lose about
40 lbs of skin, if the layer thickens then it is a callous

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9
Q

dermis

A

found BELOW the epidermis
Structure: blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles
Dense irregular CT
Function: lots of collagen and elastic fibers to: stretch, prevent tearing
Collagen helps bind H2O to skin= hydrated
Hold body together
Nutrition for skin and sensory perception

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10
Q

epidermis

A

the upper most region
Function:
Protection of skin and underlying tissue
Prevents H20 loss and gain
Structure: stratified squamous epithelial

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11
Q

axial skeleton

A

the longitudinal axis of the body
-vertebral column, bony thorax, skull

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12
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

limbs and girdles which attach to the axial skeleton
Pelvic girdle, upper limbs, pectoral girdle, lower limbs

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13
Q

melanocytes

A

8% of the epithelial tissue
Produce: melanin and then transfer it to keratinocytes
Cells form a “veil” over the nucleus to protect the DNA from U.V. days/ damages

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14
Q

Melanin-

A

produced by melanocytes and all humans have the same # of melanocytes but it’s the
amount of melanin being produced

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15
Q

Synovial joint-

A

bones separated by cavity filled with synovial fluid, allow the most movement

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16
Q

Synovial fluid-

A

gives the most movement

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17
Q

organ

A

a part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function

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18
Q

osteoclasts

A

destroys bones; large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

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19
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

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20
Q

ossification

A

the process of bone formation from cartilage

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21
Q

basement membrane

A

a thin layer of extracellular material to which epithelial cells are attached
in mucosa surface

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22
Q

epithelial tissue

A

-covers surfaces and lines cavities
Structure: stratification,
1 layer= 1 cell layer thick (simple)
2 or more layers= stratified
Function: cover surface or line a cavity
Types: Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudo stratified columnar

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23
Q

Cardiac muscle-

A

the heart; blanching and striated with dark bands to allow for quick communication within the body

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24
Q

Haversian canals-

A

canals in bone tissue where they carry blood vessels

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25
Red bone marrow
site of hematopoiesis in the cavities of spongy bone
26
anatomy
the science of the structure of living organisms
27
physiology
the study of the function of the body
28
metabolism
the sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body
29
anabolism
the energy requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances
30
catabolism
the process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances; destructive metabolism
31
effectors
an organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings
32
lamellae
concentric rings of bone matrix with lacuna in them
33
joint
the junction of two or more bones; articulation
34
receptors
a peripheral nerve ending specialized for response to particular specialized for response to particular types of stimuli
35
pelvic girdle
ilium, ischium, pubis
36
pectoral girdle
clavicle, scapula
37
superior
above
38
osteoctes
mature bone cells
39
inferior
below
40
posterior
towards back
41
anterior
towards front
42
transverse section
horizonatal plane (top separates bottom)
43
sagittal section
one side on left
44
lumbar vertebrae
5 of them
45
thoracic vertebrae
12 of them
46
cervical vertebrae
7
47
diaphysis
the shaft; composed of compact
48
Epiphysis
the ends of the bones; composed mostly spongy
49
Compact bone
bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous, surrounds spongy bone at the end and runs along the shaft surrounding medullary cavity
50
Spongy bone-
found at the end of spongy bone; is composed of small pieces of bone and lots of open space
51
Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation occurs in red bone marrow
52
Transverse fracture-
fracture travels at a right angle across the bone, straight across fracture
53
Greenstick fracture-
most common type of fracture; bone breaks incompletely and one side of shaft breaks while the other bends
54
spiral fracture
the twisting of a bone; body is in motion while one extremity is planted
55
Open vs closed fracture/break-
open is when the bone comes outside of it, closed is a broken bone inside of the skin
56
Apocrine gland-
pubic and axillary regions, produce true swear (fatty substances and proteins)
57
Sebaceous gland
hair follicle, lubricate hair and skin, “waterproofing” skin, secretes sebum
58
sebum
what the sebaceous gland secretes
59
What is the muscular system responsible for?-
provides movement for all parts of the body
60
What are homeostatic mechanisms?-
Stimulus: causes a change Sensory receptors: monitor outside environment respond to change Regulatory Center: determine how to maintain and decide what to do Effector: causes change and brings body back to balance Response: change goes back to normal
61
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?-
Abdominal: digestive organs; Pelvic: bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum While the thoracic cavity is the heart and chest with the Pleural: pertaining to the lungs and the pericardial which is around the heart.
62
What is a parietal membrane and where are they found?-
It is found and covers the abdominal and pelvic walls as well as the diaphragm
63
What is the difference between true/false/floating ribs?-
True ribs- pairs 1-7, articulate anteriorly directly to the sternum by cartilage False ribs- pairs 8-12, articulate indirectly or not at all Floating ribs- the last two pair do not connect
64
What are the layers of the skin, in order?-
HYPODERMIS DERMIS Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum EPIDERMIS Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum
65
What is the difference between appendicular and axial skeletons?-
Appendicular- limbs and girdles which attach to the axial skeleton Pelvic girdle, upper limbs, pectoral girdle, lower limbs Axial- the longitudinal axis of the body -vertebral column, bony thorax, skull
66
Know the different types of joints and where they are found.
Fibrous- no movement, ex; skull Cartilaginous- allows for little movement, ex; pubis symphysis, vertebrae Synovial- bones separated by cavity filled with synovial fluid; allows for the most movement; knee and shoulder joints (ball and socket)
67
What does the dermis look like compared to the epidermis? The dermis is a single layer while the epidermis is composed of 5 layers within it. While the dermis is the thickest layer in comparison to the epidermis being the smallest
The dermis is a single layer while the epidermis is composed of 5 layers within it. While the dermis is the thickest layer in comparison to the epidermis being the smallest
68
What is a neuron? How does it relate to neuroglia?
Neuron- cells of the nervous system specialized to transmit messages throughout the body Neuroglia- the nonneural tissue of the central nervous systemthat performs supportive or other functions They work together to perform something; the neuron transmits information and the neuroglia help perform a task
69
What is all inside of a bone?
What is all inside of a bone? Protein fibers and minerals, there are also a lot of other cells
70
Know the different types of cartilage
Skeletal cartilage: Hyaline- most abundant, in joints, ribs, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and nose Elastic- increased flexibility, outer ear and epiglottis Fibrocartilage- parallel rows and sandwiched between collagen fibers, intervertebral discs, meniscus, pubis synthesis
71
now the different types of tissue
Epithelial: Simple squamous Stratified squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Transitional Pseudostratified columnar glandular Connective tissue: Loose connective; areolar, adipose, reticular Dense connective; regular, collagen fibers, elastic Bone Cartilage Blood Muscle: Skeletal Cardiac smooth Nervous
72
What is included in the integumentary system?
The epidermis: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum Cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells Dermis Hypodermis Carotene, hemoglobin, albinism, freckles
73
Where are nerve fibers found in the integumentary system?
THE DERMIS
74
name the 4 basic types of body tissues and their functions.-
MUSCLE TISSUE- to contract and create movement of the body SKELETAL TISSUE- to help in voluntary movement SMOOTH TISSUE-proper things, surrounds cavities CARDIAC TISSUE- blanching and striating the heart, dark bonds allow for quick communication
75
where is cardiac muscle found
the heart
76
What is a joint that provides no movement?
fibrous
77
What is a joint that is slightly moveable?-
CARTILAGINOUS
78
Where does RBC production occur?-
RED MARROW/ HEMATOPOIESIS
79
What is the type of joint that allows the most movement?
synovial
80
What is the difference between a compact and spongy bone?-
Compact: bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous, surrounds spongy bone at the end and runs along the shaft surrounding medullary cavity Spongy bone- found at the end of spongy bone; is composed of small pieces of bone and lots of open space
81
Where is yellow marrow found?
IN THE MEDULLARY CAVITY
82
What are tendons and ligaments composed of?-
Loose connective tissue
83
What epithelium lines the bladder?-
transitional epithelium
84
Lines in the respiratory tract?- pseudostratified columnar
pseudostratified columnar
85
How does a basement membrane work?-
Separates tissue and gives a hook
86
Skin cells help produce what?-
Keratin, melanin, merkel cells
87
How do melanocytes help us?-
It helps produce melanin— also keratinocytes Cells form a “veil” over the nucleus to protect the DNA from UV rays/ damages
88
What does the mediastinum do?-
The region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that houses the heart
89
What is anatomical position?-
Body is erect and facing forward, with arms at the side and palms are forward
90
Know the different body systems and their main functions-
Skeletal- provides support and protection, gives body shape Nervous- detects impulses from the senses; control system Lymphatic- transports nutrients and gasses around the body respiratory system- exchanges gasses digestive system- breaks down and absorbs food muscular system- provides movement for all parts of the body Integumentary- protects body, regulate temperature, and prevent water loss Lymphatic system- fights infection and provides fluid for cells Liver- removes waste from blood Reproductive- secretes hormones

Anatomy (7 decks)

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