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Anatomy > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintain stable, internal conditions no matter what changes are occurring outside the body

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2
Q

Positive feedback

A

change in the same direction;
Ex. labor contractions: body helps push the baby out

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3
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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4
Q

distal

A

further from the trunk

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5
Q

Yellow bone marrow-

A

fat is stored in yellow marrow along with minerals, calcium. And phosphorus. Found in the medullary cavity of long bones

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber-

A

striated (long and slender) most abundant, helps in voluntary movements found in bones and places in the skin

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7
Q

Stratum basale-

A

furthest away from the surface (base) it is a single thick layer and helps with tissue regeneration (this is where we find them)

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8
Q

Stratum corneum-

A

25-30 layers and horn-like. It’s the layer we continually shed, we lose about
40 lbs of skin, if the layer thickens then it is a callous

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9
Q

dermis

A

found BELOW the epidermis
Structure: blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles
Dense irregular CT
Function: lots of collagen and elastic fibers to: stretch, prevent tearing
Collagen helps bind H2O to skin= hydrated
Hold body together
Nutrition for skin and sensory perception

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10
Q

epidermis

A

the upper most region
Function:
Protection of skin and underlying tissue
Prevents H20 loss and gain
Structure: stratified squamous epithelial

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11
Q

axial skeleton

A

the longitudinal axis of the body
-vertebral column, bony thorax, skull

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12
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

limbs and girdles which attach to the axial skeleton
Pelvic girdle, upper limbs, pectoral girdle, lower limbs

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13
Q

melanocytes

A

8% of the epithelial tissue
Produce: melanin and then transfer it to keratinocytes
Cells form a “veil” over the nucleus to protect the DNA from U.V. days/ damages

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14
Q

Melanin-

A

produced by melanocytes and all humans have the same # of melanocytes but it’s the
amount of melanin being produced

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15
Q

Synovial joint-

A

bones separated by cavity filled with synovial fluid, allow the most movement

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16
Q

Synovial fluid-

A

gives the most movement

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17
Q

organ

A

a part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function

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18
Q

osteoclasts

A

destroys bones; large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

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19
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

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20
Q

ossification

A

the process of bone formation from cartilage

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21
Q

basement membrane

A

a thin layer of extracellular material to which epithelial cells are attached
in mucosa surface

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22
Q

epithelial tissue

A

-covers surfaces and lines cavities
Structure: stratification,
1 layer= 1 cell layer thick (simple)
2 or more layers= stratified
Function: cover surface or line a cavity
Types: Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudo stratified columnar

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23
Q

Cardiac muscle-

A

the heart; blanching and striated with dark bands to allow for quick communication within the body

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24
Q

Haversian canals-

A

canals in bone tissue where they carry blood vessels

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25
Q

Red bone marrow

A

site of hematopoiesis in the cavities of spongy bone

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26
Q

anatomy

A

the science of the structure of living organisms

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27
Q

physiology

A

the study of the function of the body

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28
Q

metabolism

A

the sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body

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29
Q

anabolism

A

the energy requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances

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30
Q

catabolism

A

the process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances; destructive metabolism

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31
Q

effectors

A

an organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings

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32
Q

lamellae

A

concentric rings of bone matrix with lacuna in them

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33
Q

joint

A

the junction of two or more bones; articulation

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34
Q

receptors

A

a peripheral nerve ending specialized for response to particular specialized for response to particular types of stimuli

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35
Q

pelvic girdle

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

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36
Q

pectoral girdle

A

clavicle, scapula

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37
Q

superior

A

above

38
Q

osteoctes

A

mature bone cells

39
Q

inferior

A

below

40
Q

posterior

A

towards back

41
Q

anterior

A

towards front

42
Q

transverse section

A

horizonatal plane (top separates bottom)

43
Q

sagittal section

A

one side on left

44
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

5 of them

45
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12 of them

46
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

7

47
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft; composed of compact

48
Q

Epiphysis

A

the ends of the bones; composed mostly spongy

49
Q

Compact bone

A

bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous, surrounds spongy bone at the end and runs along the shaft surrounding medullary cavity

50
Q

Spongy bone-

A

found at the end of spongy bone; is composed of small pieces of bone and lots of open space

51
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation occurs in red bone marrow

52
Q

Transverse fracture-

A

fracture travels at a right angle across the bone, straight across fracture

53
Q

Greenstick fracture-

A

most common type of fracture; bone breaks incompletely and one side of shaft breaks while the other bends

54
Q

spiral fracture

A

the twisting of a bone; body is in motion while one extremity is planted

55
Q

Open vs closed fracture/break-

A

open is when the bone comes outside of it, closed is a broken bone inside of the skin

56
Q

Apocrine gland-

A

pubic and axillary regions, produce true swear (fatty substances and proteins)

57
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

hair follicle, lubricate hair and skin, “waterproofing” skin, secretes sebum

58
Q

sebum

A

what the sebaceous gland secretes

59
Q

What is the muscular system responsible for?-

A

provides movement for all parts of the body

60
Q

What are homeostatic mechanisms?-

A

Stimulus: causes a change
Sensory receptors: monitor outside environment respond to change
Regulatory Center: determine how to maintain and decide what to do
Effector: causes change and brings body back to balance
Response: change goes back to normal

61
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?-

A

Abdominal: digestive organs; Pelvic: bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
While the thoracic cavity is the heart and chest with the Pleural: pertaining to the lungs and the pericardial which is around the heart.

62
Q

What is a parietal membrane and where are they found?-

A

It is found and covers the abdominal and pelvic walls as well as the diaphragm

63
Q

What is the difference between true/false/floating ribs?-

A

True ribs- pairs 1-7, articulate anteriorly directly to the sternum by cartilage
False ribs- pairs 8-12, articulate indirectly or not at all
Floating ribs- the last two pair do not connect

64
Q

What are the layers of the skin, in order?-

A

HYPODERMIS
DERMIS
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum EPIDERMIS
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

65
Q

What is the difference between appendicular and axial skeletons?-

A

Appendicular- limbs and girdles which attach to the axial skeleton
Pelvic girdle, upper limbs, pectoral girdle, lower limbs
Axial- the longitudinal axis of the body
-vertebral column, bony thorax, skull

66
Q

Know the different types of joints and where they are found.

A

Fibrous- no movement, ex; skull
Cartilaginous- allows for little movement, ex; pubis symphysis, vertebrae
Synovial- bones separated by cavity filled with synovial fluid; allows for the most movement; knee and shoulder joints (ball and socket)

67
Q

What does the dermis look like compared to the epidermis?
The dermis is a single layer while the epidermis is composed of 5 layers within it. While the dermis is the thickest layer in comparison to the epidermis being the smallest

A

The dermis is a single layer while the epidermis is composed of 5 layers within it. While the dermis is the thickest layer in comparison to the epidermis being the smallest

68
Q

What is a neuron? How does it relate to neuroglia?

A

Neuron- cells of the nervous system specialized to transmit messages throughout the body
Neuroglia- the nonneural tissue of the central nervous systemthat performs supportive or other functions
They work together to perform something; the neuron transmits information and the neuroglia help perform a task

69
Q

What is all inside of a bone?

A

What is all inside of a bone?
Protein fibers and minerals, there are also a lot of other cells

70
Q

Know the different types of cartilage

A

Skeletal cartilage:
Hyaline- most abundant, in joints, ribs, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and nose
Elastic- increased flexibility, outer ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage- parallel rows and sandwiched between collagen fibers, intervertebral discs, meniscus, pubis synthesis

71
Q

now the different types of tissue

A

Epithelial:
Simple squamous
Stratified squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Transitional
Pseudostratified columnar
glandular
Connective tissue:
Loose connective; areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense connective; regular, collagen fibers, elastic
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Muscle:
Skeletal
Cardiac
smooth
Nervous

72
Q

What is included in the integumentary system?

A

The epidermis: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells
Dermis
Hypodermis
Carotene, hemoglobin, albinism, freckles

73
Q

Where are nerve fibers found in the integumentary system?

A

THE DERMIS

74
Q

name the 4 basic types of body tissues and their functions.-

A

MUSCLE TISSUE- to contract and create movement of the body
SKELETAL TISSUE- to help in voluntary movement
SMOOTH TISSUE-proper things, surrounds cavities
CARDIAC TISSUE- blanching and striating the heart, dark bonds allow for quick communication

75
Q

where is cardiac muscle found

A

the heart

76
Q

What is a joint that provides no movement?

A

fibrous

77
Q

What is a joint that is slightly moveable?-

A

CARTILAGINOUS

78
Q

Where does RBC production occur?-

A

RED MARROW/ HEMATOPOIESIS

79
Q

What is the type of joint that allows the most movement?

A

synovial

80
Q

What is the difference between a compact and spongy bone?-

A

Compact: bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous, surrounds spongy bone at the end and runs along the shaft surrounding medullary cavity
Spongy bone- found at the end of spongy bone; is composed of small pieces of bone and lots of open space

81
Q

Where is yellow marrow found?

A

IN THE MEDULLARY CAVITY

82
Q

What are tendons and ligaments composed of?-

A

Loose connective tissue

83
Q

What epithelium lines the bladder?-

A

transitional epithelium

84
Q

Lines in the respiratory tract?- pseudostratified columnar

A

pseudostratified columnar

85
Q

How does a basement membrane work?-

A

Separates tissue and gives a hook

86
Q

Skin cells help produce what?-

A

Keratin, melanin, merkel cells

87
Q

How do melanocytes help us?-

A

It helps produce melanin— also keratinocytes
Cells form a “veil” over the nucleus to protect the DNA from UV rays/ damages

88
Q

What does the mediastinum do?-

A

The region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that houses the heart

89
Q

What is anatomical position?-

A

Body is erect and facing forward, with arms at the side and palms are forward

90
Q

Know the different body systems and their main functions-

A

Skeletal- provides support and protection, gives body shape
Nervous- detects impulses from the senses; control system
Lymphatic- transports nutrients and gasses around the body
respiratory system- exchanges gasses
digestive system- breaks down and absorbs food
muscular system- provides movement for all parts of the body
Integumentary- protects body, regulate temperature, and prevent water loss
Lymphatic system- fights infection and provides fluid for cells
Liver- removes waste from blood
Reproductive- secretes hormones

Anatomy (7 decks)

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