Anatomy Digestive System

Question 1

nutrients are substances the body needs for

Answer 1

growth, maintenance, and repair

Question 2

nutrients include

Answer 2

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water

Question 3

digestion is the process of

Answer 3

breaking food into nutrients

Question 4

two types of digestions

Answer 4

mechanical and chemical

Question 5

functions of the digestive system

Answer 5

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption (intestines), defecation

Question 6

ingestion is

Answer 6

voluntary

Question 7

chewing is also called

Answer 7

mastication

Question 8

partially digested food, when saliva pushes a ball of food against the teeth

Answer 8

bolus

Question 9

saliva contains what enzyme

Answer 9

salivary amylase

Question 10

saliva is produced by what three glands

Answer 10

parotid, submandibul, and sublingual

Question 11

what does saliva contain

Answer 11

water, salivary amylase, mucus, and antibacterial substances

Question 12

what is an enzyme

Answer 12

something that breaks stuff down

Question 13

swallowing is also known as

Answer 13

deglutition

Question 14

the major functions of the stomach include

Answer 14

storing food
initiating protein digestion
preparing food into thick semi-liquid called chyme
gradually releasing chyme into the small intestine

Question 15

circular folds in the intestinal lining that are deep folds are called what

Answer 15

plicae circulares

Question 16

what are villi

Answer 16

fingerlike projections of the mucosa

Question 17

what are microvilli

Answer 17

tiny projections of the plasma membrane of epithelial cells

Question 18

four regions of the colon

Answer 18

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon

Question 19

what is the length and diameter of the large intestine

Answer 19

1.5 meters and 6-7 cm in diameter

Question 20

GERD or Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Answer 20

acid reflux occurs when stomach acids back up into the esophagus
caused by a weak cardio esophageal sphincter
symptoms include a burning sensation called heartburn
frequent reflux is diagnosed as GERD

Question 21

stomach ulcers

Answer 21

hole or damaged area in the lining of the stomach most often caused by bacteria
also called peptic or gastric ulcers
treated by antibiotics
about 60% of peptic ulcers are caused by the bacteria H. Pylori
70% are caused by NSAIDs such as aspirin or ibuprofin

Question 22

gallstones

Answer 22

hard deposits usually composed of cholesterol
pain is caused when stones move through or block the bile duct
surgical removal of the gall bladder is the most common treatment

Question 23

hepatitis

Answer 23

inflammation of the liver usually caused by a virus
different types are caused by different viruses
Type C is the deadliest infectious disease in the US

Question 24

pancreatitis

Answer 24

inflammation of the pancreas that occurs when digestive enzymes are activated too soon and damage the pancreas
most commonly caused by gallstones or heavy alcohol use

Question 25

IBD or inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 25

chronic inflammation of the digestive tract especially the large intestine
includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

Question 26

appendicitis

Answer 26

symptoms unclude severe pain in the lower right abdomen then loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting
treatment is usually surgical removal (appendectomy)
a ruptured appendix can be fatal

Question 27

cystic fibrosis

Answer 27

an inherited disease that causes thick mucus to form in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs
mucus blocks the secretion of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate solution from the pancreas and causes other digestive system problems

Question 28

hemorrhoids

Answer 28

swollen veins in lower rectum or anus
may cause pain, itching, and bleeding
may result from straining during elimination, pregnancy, etc.

Question 29

vomiting and diarrhea

Answer 29

may occur together or separately
both are caused by infection from a bacteria or virus such as norovirus
vomiting is forceful expulsion of stomach contents
diarrhea is frequent discharge of watery feces

Question 30

cleft lip/palate

Answer 30

occurs when the lip or palate fail to close properly during development in the womb
leaving a split is called a cleft, it is a common birth defect

Question 31

Phennylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 31

rare genetic disorder that causes a build up of the amino acid phenylamine
caused by mutation in the gene for an enzyme that converts amino acid into other compounds needed by the body
if untreated; behavioral and neurological problems including brain damage may result

Question 32

rooting reflex

Answer 32

causes the baby’s head turn towards anything that touches the cheek or mouth, sucking reflex is triggered by anything that touches the roof of the mouth

Question 33

what is the most common cancer

Answer 33

colorectal cancer

Question 34

more than half of all cancers occur in people in what age

Answer 34

over 65 years of age

Question 35

increase of the risk of disease and cancer

Answer 35

with aging

Question 36

the forceful movement of food from one organ to the next is

Answer 36

propulsion

Question 37

GI Tract is also known as the what

Answer 37

alimentary canal

Question 38

mechanical digestion

Answer 38

physical breakdwon of food into smaller particles; tongue mixes food in the mouth, teeth tear, churnin food in stomach

Question 39

chemical digestion

Answer 39

large food molecules are broken down by enzymes

Question 40

absorption

Answer 40

nutrients travel from the GI tract into bloodstream in small intestine, carries nutrients to cells throughout the body

Question 41

defecation

Answer 41

thecombined digested and undigested foods leaving the large intestine through anus

Question 42

mechanoreceptors

Answer 42

detect stretching of organ walls

Question 43

chemoreceptors

Answer 43

detec factors such as solute concentration, pH, and prescence of substrates and end products