TEST 3: Human Development

Question 1

Summarize some developmental changes that occur in infancy

Answer 1

reflexes:
rooting (turn towards stimulus), sucking, stepping, grasping, Babinski (toes curl)

Question 2

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development STAGE 1

Answer 2

1. Sensorimotor (ages 0-2): “intelligence” is measured by motor actions towards objects (toys) and the sensory feedback gained by them.
   Object permeance- an object continues to exist even when it is hidden from view

Question 3

Summarize Kohlberg’s levels of moral development.

Answer 3

1. morals determined by consequence (young children)
2. morals determined by social expectations and standards (puberty)
3. morals determined by individual beliefs (adulthood)

Question 4

Name some of the physical changes that occur across adulthood.

Answer 4

lowers: vision, muscle strength/flexibility, metabolic rate

Question 5

Identify some of the cognitive changes that occur across adulthood.

Answer 5

cognitive ability stays stable from middle to early adulthood. after age 70, changes are more apparent: short term memory becomes less efficient, ability to think abstractly and create associations declines since age 50

Question 6

Summarize the four types of parenting proposed by Baumrind.

Answer 6

from most warm/controlled to most cold/uncontrolled:
1. authoritative: high expectations, warm, responsive to needs
2. authoritarian: strict and poor communication, control
3. permissive: war, no control, demands little
4. uninvolved: emotionally detached, take care of basic needs

Question 7

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development STAGE 2

Answer 7

2. Preoperational (ages 2-7): represent objects and things with words and images, reasoning is based on immediate appearance, NOT logic. Can think symbolically (pretend play), but lack logical thinking.

Question 8

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development STAGE 3

Answer 8

3. Concrete Operational (ages 7-11): can think logically about concrete events, understand analogies, use arithmetical operations. Understands that an action may be reversible (consercation)

Question 8

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development STAGE 3

Answer 8

3. Concrete Operational (ages 7-11): can think logically about concrete events, understand analogies, use arithmetical operations. Understands that an action may be reversible (called Conservation)

Question 9

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development STAGE 4

Answer 9

4. Formal Operational (11-adulthood): use abstract reasoning and logic, form hypothesis.