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Biology > test 3 cell structure & function > Flashcards

test 3 cell structure & function Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cytology

A

the study of cells

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2
Q

ingestion

A

the ability to take in nutrients; this includes absorption, which is the ability to bring dissolved materials into the cell

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3
Q

digestion

A

the ability to break food or nutrients down into simpler forms (by hydrolysis or with the help of enzymes) so it can be utilized

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4
Q

respiration

A

the ability to release energy from the breakdown of food molecules

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5
Q

transport

A

the ability to distribute or circulate molecules from one part of a cell to another

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6
Q

secretion

A

the ability to release biosynthesized substances

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7
Q

excretion

A

the ability to remove soluble metabolic waste from the cell

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8
Q

egestion

A

the ability to remove non soluble, undigested waste from the cell

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9
Q

irratability

A

the ability to respond to stimuli

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10
Q

organelle

A

a tiny cellular structure that carries out a specific function necessary for the cell to survive

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11
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

a cell that has no nucleus or other distinct, membrane bound organelles

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12
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

a cell with a membrane bound nucleus and other distinct, membrane bound organelles

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13
Q

plasma membrane

A

the semipermeable membrane between the cells contents and the cells surrounding

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14
Q

cytoplasm

A

the jelly like fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

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15
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

the motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cells contents

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16
Q

ribosomes

A

non membrane bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis

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17
Q

cell wall

A

the rigid structure on the outside of certain cells usually plant and bacteria cells

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18
Q

middle lamella

A

the thin film between the cells walls of adjacent plant cells

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19
Q

nuclear membrane

A

a highly porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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20
Q

chromatin

A

long strands of clusters of DNA and proteins (or RNA and proteins) in the nucleus of the cell

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21
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

an organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell

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22
Q

rough ER

A

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

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23
Q

smooth ER

A

ER that has no ribosomes

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24
Q

golgi apparatus

A

the organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell

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25
Q

vacuole

A

larger membrane bound organelles used for storage of food, water or waste

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26
Q

vesticle

A

smaller membrane bound organelles used mainly for transport of food, waste or products synthesized for secretion

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27
Q

secretory vesicle

A

vesicle that holds products of biosynthesis (like proteins) and transports them to the plasma membrane for secretion

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28
Q

central vacuole

A

a large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with water

29
Q

lysosomes

A

the organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates (disaccharide, polysaccharides) and some lipids

30
Q

peroxisome

A

a cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide

31
Q

mitochondria

A

double membrane bound organelles in which nutrients re converted to energy

32
Q

plastids

A

double membrane bound organelles found in the cells of plants, algae, and some protazoa, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food

33
Q

chloroplast

A

plastids containing the green pigament, chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis

34
Q

chromoplasts

A

plastids containing yellow, orange, ot red pigments used in photosynthesis

35
Q

leucoplasts

A

nonpigmented plastids that store starches or oils

36
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

37
Q

microfilaments

A

fine, thread like proteins found in the cells cytoskeleton

38
Q

intermediate filaments

A

threadlike proteins in the cells cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as the microfilamenets

39
Q

microtubules

A

spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

40
Q

centrioles

A

paired organelles (positioned at right angles to eachother) that organize fibers required for cell division; found in animal cells

41
Q

centrosome

A

a small region near the nucleus that is the min organizing site for microtubules; in animal cells it contains two centrioles

42
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

a model propossing that the plasma membrane is composed of a mosaic of components (mainly phospholipids proteins and cholesterol) that are free to move fluidly within the plane of the membrane

43
Q

phospholipid

A

a lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a hydrophilic phosphate group

44
Q

semipermeable membrane

A

a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through

45
Q

passive transport

A

movement of molecules through the plasma membrane without the need for energy input

46
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules through the plasma membrane aided by a process that requires energy input

47
Q

concentration

A

a measurment of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

48
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in the concentration of like molecules in two areas, like on each side of the plasma membrane

49
Q

diffusion

A

the random motion of molecules from an area a high concentration to an area of low concentration (with an concentration gradient) until its concentration becomes equal throughout the area (reaches equilibrium)

50
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from and area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a low water conentration (high solute concentration)

51
Q

HYPOtonic solution

A

a solution that has a low solute concentration (and so a high water concentration) relative to another solution

52
Q

HYPERtonic solution

A

a solution that has a high solute concentration (and so a low water oncentration) relative to another solution

53
Q

ISOtonic solution

A

a solution that has the same solute concentration (and water concentration) relative to another solution

54
Q

plasmolysis

A

collapse of a walled cell’s cytoplasm due to a lack of water (hypertonic solution)

55
Q

cytolysis

A

the rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure (hypotonic solution)

56
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of certain molecules across the cell membrane through protein channels from high concentration to low concentration

57
Q

endocytosis

A

the process of moving particals into the cell by means of vesicals forming from the cells membrane

58
Q

exocytosis

A

the process of moving particles out of the cell by means of vesicle membranes fusing with the cell membrane

59
Q

phagosytosis

A

the endoctic process by which a cell engulfs large, solid particles or cells

60
Q

pinocytosis

A

the endocytic process by which a cell absorbs extracellular fluid containing dissolves particles

61
Q

what are the three main ideas of the cell theory?

A
  1. all living organisms are composed of cells. they may be unicellular or multicellular.
  2. the cell is the basic structure and function in living organisms.
  3. all cells arise from other cells
62
Q

describe the similareties and differences between prokayryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

A

eukaryotic cells contain
-SER
-RER
- a nucleus
-other membrane bound organelles
-golgi apparatus
-vacuole
-vesicle
-cytoskeleton
-centrioles
prokaryotic cells do not have these. all of the other components of a cell bot prokayotic and eukaryotic cells contain.

63
Q

name the organelles that play a role in biosynthesis

A

THE SECRETORY VESICLE
a vesicle that holds products of biosynthesis (like protein) and transports them to the plasma membrane

64
Q

what helps the cell hold its shape if it does not have a cell wal?

A

THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
the semipermeable membrane between the cell’s contents and the cell’s surroundings

65
Q

how does a plant cell fight osmosis in a hypotonic solution?

A

the plant cell fights osmosis by making it a hypertonic solution

66
Q

what are the 12 major life funtions a cell must perform?

A
  1. Ingestion IN
  2. digestion DI
  3. respiration RE
  4. transport TR
  5. homeostasis
  6. synthesis SYN
  7. secretion SE
  8. excretion EX
  9. egestion EG
  10. irritability IR
  11. movement MO
  12. reproduction REP
67
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of? describe it in terms of the fluid mosaic model.

A

the plasma membrane is composed of a mosaic of components, mainly phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol

68
Q

what is the difference betweeen a phospholipid and a regular lipid?

A

a phospholipid id different from a regular lipid because one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a hydrophilic phosphate group

69
Q

what makes it possible for the plasma membrane to reassemble?

A

Biology (9 decks)

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