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test 2. Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organic molecules

A

molecules found in living organisms that contain carbon rings or chains attached to other atoms like hyrdrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus

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2
Q

the four main groups of organic molecules

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid all contain carbon atoms

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3
Q

biosynthesis

A

the process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones

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4
Q

double bond

A

are about twice as strong as regular bonds

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5
Q

triple bond

A

about three times as strong as a regular bond

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6
Q

isomers

A

two different molecules that have the same chemical formula

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7
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars that are the building blocks or more complex chemicals

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8
Q

disaccharides

A

carbohydrates that are made up of 2 monosaccharides

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9
Q

polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates that are made up of 3 or more monosaccharides

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10
Q

dehydration reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water

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11
Q

starch

A

a polysaccharide consisting of many glucose molecules stored in plants

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12
Q

glycogen

A

a polysaccharide consisting of many glucose molecules stored in animals

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13
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide consisting of many glucose molecules found in the cell walls of plants

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14
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

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15
Q

hydrophobic

A

lacking any affinity to water

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16
Q

saturated fat

A

a lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bond between carbon atoms

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17
Q

unsaturated fat

A

a lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms

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18
Q

steroid

A

lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings
used as a chemical messenger circulating the body delivering chemical signals to cells

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19
Q

amino acids

A

the basic building blocks of proteins each containing a corboxyl group and an amino group

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20
Q

hydrophilic

A

attracts water molecules

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21
Q

peptide bond

A

a covalent bond that links amino acids together in a polypeptide

22
Q

polypeptide

A

many amino acids bonded together forming a part of a protein or the whole protein

23
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process

24
Q

activation energy

A

the energy needed to get reactions started

25
Q

active site

A

area of and enzyme to which a specific substrate fits

26
Q

substrate

A

a specific reactant acted on by an enzyme

27
Q

denaturation

A

the process in which the normal shape of a protein is lost usually due to heat

28
Q

nucleotides

A

the building blocks of DNA and RNA

29
Q

polymers

A

large molecules that are made out of smaller molecules

30
Q

alkaline pH

A

pH balance of 8-14 more like a base

31
Q

neutral pH

A

pH balance of 7

32
Q

what do carbohydrates contain ??

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

33
Q

what is the opposite of hydrolysis ??

A

the dehydration reaction

34
Q

what is the opposite of the dehydration reaction ??

A

hydrolysis

35
Q

hydroxide ion

A

OH-

36
Q

acidic pH

A

pH balance of 0-6 more like an acid

37
Q

hydroxyl group

A

OH

38
Q

4 types of functional groups

A

-hydroxyl group
-carbonyl group
-carboxyl group
-amino group

39
Q

carboxyl group

A

O=C-HO

40
Q

carbonyl group

A

O=C

41
Q

functional group

A

a group of atoms within a molecule that interacts with other molecules in predictable ways

42
Q

amino group

A

H-N-H

43
Q

3 types of polysaccharides

A

-starch (stored in plants)
-glycogen (stored in animals)
-cellulose (found in the cell walls of plants)

44
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose = sucrose (a table sugar; a disaccharide) made through the dehydration reaction

45
Q

lipid

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol = a lipid
made through a dehydration reaction

46
Q

substance of unsaturated fat

A

liquid

47
Q

substance of saturated fat

A

solid

48
Q

2 types of steroids

A

-estrogen
-testosterone

49
Q

what is the structure of an amino acid ??

A

a central carbon molecule attached to four groups
the central carbon bonds to a hyrdrogen and bonds to 2 functional groups

50
Q

what do nucleic acids contain ??

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus

Biology (9 decks)

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