test 2. Flashcards
organic molecules
molecules found in living organisms that contain carbon rings or chains attached to other atoms like hyrdrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus
the four main groups of organic molecules
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid all contain carbon atoms
biosynthesis
the process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones
double bond
are about twice as strong as regular bonds
triple bond
about three times as strong as a regular bond
isomers
two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
monosaccharides
simple sugars that are the building blocks or more complex chemicals
disaccharides
carbohydrates that are made up of 2 monosaccharides
polysaccharides
carbohydrates that are made up of 3 or more monosaccharides
dehydration reaction
a chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water
starch
a polysaccharide consisting of many glucose molecules stored in plants
glycogen
a polysaccharide consisting of many glucose molecules stored in animals
cellulose
a polysaccharide consisting of many glucose molecules found in the cell walls of plants
hydrolysis
breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
hydrophobic
lacking any affinity to water
saturated fat
a lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bond between carbon atoms
unsaturated fat
a lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms
steroid
lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings
used as a chemical messenger circulating the body delivering chemical signals to cells
amino acids
the basic building blocks of proteins each containing a corboxyl group and an amino group
hydrophilic
attracts water molecules
peptide bond
a covalent bond that links amino acids together in a polypeptide
polypeptide
many amino acids bonded together forming a part of a protein or the whole protein
catalyst
a substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process
activation energy
the energy needed to get reactions started
active site
area of and enzyme to which a specific substrate fits
substrate
a specific reactant acted on by an enzyme
denaturation
the process in which the normal shape of a protein is lost usually due to heat
nucleotides
the building blocks of DNA and RNA
polymers
large molecules that are made out of smaller molecules
alkaline pH
pH balance of 8-14 more like a base
neutral pH
pH balance of 7
what do carbohydrates contain ??
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
what is the opposite of hydrolysis ??
the dehydration reaction
what is the opposite of the dehydration reaction ??
hydrolysis
hydroxide ion
OH-
acidic pH
pH balance of 0-6 more like an acid
hydroxyl group
OH
4 types of functional groups
-hydroxyl group
-carbonyl group
-carboxyl group
-amino group
carboxyl group
O=C-HO
carbonyl group
O=C
functional group
a group of atoms within a molecule that interacts with other molecules in predictable ways
amino group
H-N-H
3 types of polysaccharides
-starch (stored in plants)
-glycogen (stored in animals)
-cellulose (found in the cell walls of plants)
sucrose
glucose + fructose = sucrose (a table sugar; a disaccharide) made through the dehydration reaction
lipid
3 fatty acids + glycerol = a lipid
made through a dehydration reaction
substance of unsaturated fat
liquid
substance of saturated fat
solid
2 types of steroids
-estrogen
-testosterone
what is the structure of an amino acid ??
a central carbon molecule attached to four groups
the central carbon bonds to a hyrdrogen and bonds to 2 functional groups
what do nucleic acids contain ??
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus
