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Neuroscience > TEST #3 > Flashcards

TEST #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Deep Tendon Reflexes

A
  • Is a reflex arc in which a muscle contracts when its tendon is percussed
  • Called myotatic reflexes, monosynaptic reflexes, muscle stretch reflexes
  • Work on the principle of spinal act. Common deep tendon reflexes are those of biceps, brachioradialis, triceps, patella and Achilles tendons.
  • UMN injury, deep tendon reflex become hyper reflexive
  • LMN injury, deep tendon reflex becomes hypo reflexive
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2
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A
  • It’s a protective mechanism that allows reflexive withdrawal of a body part from physical damage while simultaneously adjusting posture to avoid imbalance. (Quick retrieval of one’s hand over the stove).
  • In a case of painful stimuli. Flexors will be inhibited, and the extensors activated on the contralateral side of the body allowing for quick wiredrawer of the limb while maintaining the balance.
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3
Q

Upper vs Lower Motor Neurons

A
  • Carry motor messages from different areas of the nervous system
  • Divided into UMN and LMN
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4
Q

UMN

A
  • Considered to be a part of CNS. Up in the cerebral cortex.
  • Control LMN.
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5
Q

LMN

A
  • Considered to be a part of PNS

- Control skeletal muscles

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6
Q

UMN Lesion

A
  • Spasticity occurs below the level of lesion. Due to spinal reflex remaining intact.
  • Flaccidity occurs at the level of lesion. Due to loss of spinal reflex.
  • Can lead to
    Muscle atrophy
    Fasciculations (twitches)
    Hypertonia
    Hyper reflexia
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7
Q

LMN Lesion

A
  • Flaccidity occurs at and below the lesion level.

- It occurs in all LMN lesions because LMN does not involve any spinal reflex arcs.

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8
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome

A

The effects can be limited to small groups of muscles
Muscle Atrophy
Weakness
Fasciculation
Fibrillation
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia – Myotatic (stretch) reflex

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9
Q

Muscle Atrophy

A

When alpha motor neurons die the muscle they innervate becomes atrophied.

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10
Q

Weakness

A

Due to damage to alpha motor neurons and the atrophy of muscles, weakness is profound in lower motor neuron disorders.

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11
Q

Fasciculation

A

Due to damage to LMN that creates spontaneous action potential. Causing muscle fibers to fire and twitch.

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12
Q

Fibrillation

A

Due to left axon that can cause muscle fibers to contract. They are too small to detect. Only with the use of electromyogram.

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13
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome

A

Typically arise from stroke, tumors, and blunt trauma and stroke to middle cerebral artery, lateral striate artery, medial striate artery can cause damage to lateral surface of cortex where the descending axons of the corticospinal tract collect.

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14
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome

A
  • Atrophy is Rare – due to provision of alpha neurons. Atrophy may be present due to disuse.
  • Weakness – Produce graded weakness of movement (paresis).
  • Absence of fasciculations and fibrillations – does not apply due to preserved LMN
  • Hypertonia – Damage to UMN will result in hypertonia
  • Hyperreflexia – Myotatic (stretch) reflex is exaggerated in UMN disorders. It’s a major clinical diagnostic test to determine if UMN or LMN are damaged.
  • Clonus – Muscle contracting number of times when rapidly stretched and held at a constant length
  • Initial Contralateral flaccid paralysis – After damage to motor cortex the Contralateral side of the body shows a flaccid paralysis. In few weeks motor function returns. Other associated neurons in the motor cortex can alter their function for the sake of retuning movement. Damage to corticospinal track will result in poor fine motor control. None of other associated nerves can compensate for the damage.
  • Babinski Sign – A classic neurologic test for corticospinal track. Stroke to a sole of the foot firmly with an instrument. Normal = toes curl inward. Damage to UMN will result in extensor plantar response big toe extends upward and the remaining toes fan out.
  • Spasticity – Moving patient limb slowly will cause resistance.
    • Spastic catch – a muscle resist a passive movement that becomes quicker.
    • Clasp-Knife reflex –causing sudden drop in the resistance of a muscle.
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15
Q

Dyskinesia

A

abnormal, involuntary movements

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16
Q

Akinesias

A

abnormal, involuntary posture.

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17
Q

Dyskinesias

A 
Resting tremors 
Athetosis  
Chorea  
Ballismus  
Tradive Dyskinesia
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18
Q

Resting tremors

A

Associated with Parkinson’s disease. Muscle movement at rest such as thumb and forefingers will move back and forth against each other characterized as ‘pill-rolling tremor’ The tremor stops when the body part engages in activity

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19
Q

Athetosis

A

Involuntary, writhing movement of the hand and face

20
Q

Chorea

A

continues writhing movement of the entire body. Viewed as a extreme form of athetosis. Mostly associated with Huntington’s disease.

21
Q

Ballismus

A

characterized by involuntary, ballistic movement of the extremities

22
Q

Tradive Dyskinesia

A

Can result from a long term use of antipsychotic drugs that target the dopamine system. Characterized by involuntary movement of the tongue, face, arms, lips and other parts of the body.

23
Q

Akinesias

A

-Rigidity
-Dystonia
Bradykinesia

24
Q

Rigidity

A

Resistance to passive movement of the limp. Resistance is so great that is referred to as lead-pipe rigidity. May be coupled with tremors can is called cogwheel

25
Q

Dystonia

A

Involuntary adoption of abnormal posture as agonist and antagonist muscles both contract and become rigid/ patient cannot maintain normal posture.

26
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Refers to a slowness or poverty of movement.

27
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A
  • Genetic disorder that is caused by an abnormally large number of repeats of the nucleotide sequence CAG on chromosome 4. 50% of chance of inheriting the mutations usually in their middle age
  • Characterized by continues, choreiform movement of the body limbs and face.
  • In advance stage the disease is associated with dementia
28
Q

Hemiballismus

A
  • Results from unilateral lesion of the subthalamic nucleus, usually caused by stroke
  • Characterized by ballismus on the contralateral side of the body
29
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • Result of the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
  • Characterized by resting tremor, sever bradykinesia or akinesia.
  • Reflexive movement can be normal.
    Common medical treatments are L-Dopa, Pallidotomy, and deep brain stimulation.
30
Q

Disorders of the Cerebellum

A

Characterized by lack of movement coordination/ Can cause ipsilateral impairments of the side of the body

31
Q

Ataxia

A

General impairments in movement coordination and accuracy. Two major forms are; Disturbances of posture or gain, and Decomposition of movement

32
Q

Disturbances of posture or gain

A

Result from lesion to the vastibulocerebellum. Causing difficulty maintaining posture due to loss of the fine-control mechanisms. Abnormal and staggering gait cause to fall towards the side of the lesion. (a drunken individual).

33
Q

Decomposition of movement

A

Loss of ability to coordinate the activity and timing of many muscles to produce smooth, fluid movements.

34
Q

Dysmetria

A

inappropriate force and distance telling when reaching for an item.

35
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

Inability to perform rapidly alternating movement such as rapid pronation and supination.

36
Q

Scanning Speech

A

The difficulty coordinating muscles of jaw, tongue and larynx affecting speech to be slow and disjointed

37
Q

Intention Tremor

A

Shaking of the hand during reaching for items.

38
Q

Nystagmus

A

Oscillatory movement of the eyes

39
Q

Disorders of Muscle Tone

A

Cogwheel Rigidity – Occurs when increased muscle tone results in jerky, alternating resistance to passive movement as muscle contract and relax.
Lead Pipe Rigidity – occurs when increased muscle tone results in continuous and sustained resistance to passive movement through a limb’s entire range of motion.
Characterized by a uniform and continuous resistance to passive movement as the extremity is moved through its range of motion.

40
Q

Clasp Knife Phenomenon

A

Involves severe spastivity at a joint.

Sustain stretch will relax the muscle groups and the spasticity will suddenly give way

41
Q

1

A

slight increase in tone manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at the end of the ROM when the affected joint is flexed or extended

42
Q

1

A

Slight increase in muscle tone manifested by a catch followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (less than half) of the ROM

43
Q

2

A

More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the ROM, but the affected joint is easily moved

44
Q

3

A

Considerable increase in muscle tone, making passive movement difficult

45
Q

4

A

Affected joint is rigid in flexion or extension

46
Q

What are therapeutic techniques to influence tone?

A 
Sustained stretch on the agnosis 
Quick stretch on the agonist 
Placing pressure on the tendon of the agonist 
Splinting 
Serial casting

Neuroscience (7 decks)

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