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Nursing II > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you do a skin turgor test in horses?

A

pinch skin on lateral side of neck

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2
Q

How do you do a skin turgor test in small animals?

A

pinch skin on lateral chest

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3
Q

What does a normal skin turgor test look like?

A

skin returns promptly to normal position 1 sec or less

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4
Q

A snap back with a >1 sec return means what?

A

> 5% dehydration

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5
Q

A snap back with a >8 sec return means what?

A

severe dehydration

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6
Q

Skin turgor is less reliable in what kind of patient?

A

obese

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7
Q

Thin horses and older than 15 years have what kind of skin snap?

A

delayed regardless of hydration

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8
Q

CRT is more accurate for assessing hydration than what?

A

skin turgor

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9
Q

CRT reflects cardiac output which is directly affected by what?

A

hydration status

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10
Q

Prolonged CRT usually means what?

A

low CO, most commonly result of inadequate hydration

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11
Q

What is a normal CRT?

A

<2.5 sec

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12
Q

What is an abnormal CRT?

A

> 2.5 sec

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13
Q

What is the CRT for a severely dehydrated animal?

A

5-8 sec

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14
Q

What do dry, tacky MM mean?

A

dehydration unless they have been panting

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15
Q

What do moist MM mean?

A

normal

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16
Q

What do slick MM mean?

A

nausea

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17
Q

What do pale MM mean?

A

lack of blood flow. Could be due to dehydration, hypovolemia

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18
Q

What does yellow urine mean?

A

concentrating=dehydration

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19
Q

Rapid weight gain means what?

A

possibility of overhydration or urine output has suddenly stopped

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20
Q

Rapid weight loss means what?

A

dehydrated, blood loss, urine losses increased over fluid input

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21
Q

What is a lung characteristic of pulmonary edema?

A

“crackles” sounds “wet”, “gurgling”

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22
Q

What can cause the lungs to sound “wet”?

A

too many fluids, can occur with congestive heart failure

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23
Q

Decreased lung sounds can happen when?

A

obesity, effusions and hypovolemia

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24
Q

What does a bounding pulse strength mean?

A

overhydrated and low BP

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25
Q

What does a thready pulse strength mean?

A

dehydrated and low BP

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26
Q

Rapid HR may mean what?

A

hypovolemia, hypoxia

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27
Q

Slow HR may mean what?

A

hypovolemia

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28
Q

Cool limbs indicate what?

A

hypovolemia (dehydration)

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29
Q

What does is mean when the eyelid and scleral conjunctiva will be puffy and fluid filled?

A

edema

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30
Q

What can Chemosis be an indicator of?

A

over hydration

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31
Q

What is Chemosis?

A

conjunctival edema

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32
Q

What can be seen with peripheral edema?

A

swollen head, limbs, and paws

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33
Q

What are some non-invasive monitoring equipment?

A

EKG, Indirect blood pressure

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34
Q

What are some invasive monitoring equipment?

A

PCV, TP, Direct blood pressure, CVP measurement

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35
Q

Which monitoring tool is most accurate?

A

direct blood pressure

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36
Q

What is a normal systolic range?

A

100-150 mm Hg

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37
Q

What is an ideal mean arterial BP?

A

75-90 mm Hg

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38
Q

What does a systolic BP of >175 mm Hg mean?

A

hypertension

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39
Q

What can increase BP in animals?

A

stress of illness and hospitalization

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40
Q

What can you use to monitor BP indirectly

A

oscillometric and Doppler

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41
Q

Oscillometric BP assessment can be combined with what?

A

EKG and pulse Oximeter

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42
Q

What is Oscillometric often used with?

A

Ax or monitoring sedentary animal

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43
Q

A Doppler uses what to audibly locate the arterial pulse?

A

ultrasound crystal and monitor

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44
Q

BP cuff determines what?

A

systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressures

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45
Q

You can program BP cuffs to do what?

A

record at intervals

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46
Q

BP cuff diameter should approximate what?

A

40% of the circumference of the limb at the site of cuff placement

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47
Q

Where can you place a BP cuff?

A

metacarpus, metatarsus, tail

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48
Q

You should not use arterial catheters for what?

A

injections

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49
Q

Catheterize artery= what?

A

an “a-line”

50
Q

No medications should be administered via what?

A

intrarterial injection

51
Q

You should do what to arterial catheters to prevent what?

A

confusion

52
Q

Flush arterial catheter regularly and slowly to prevent what?

A

clots

53
Q

What is CVP?

A

BP in central veins, as the thoracic vena cava

54
Q

CVP measurement helps assess/monitor what?

A

hydration and the efficacy of fluid therapy

55
Q

What is a normal CVP?

A

0-5 cm H2O

56
Q

What does a CVP of <0 cm H2O mean?

A

hypovolemia, dehydration, inadequate fluid therapy

57
Q

CVP values trending upward to 8-10 cm H2O mean?

A

increase in vascular volume and adequate fluid therapy

58
Q

Sudden increases or values of CVP >10 cm H2O means what?

A

venous congestion, increased thoracic pressure, volume overload

59
Q

How can you evaluate CVP?

A

HR, MM appearance, skin turgor

60
Q

What equipment is needed for direct BP monitoring?

A

3-way stopcock, manometer filled with saline, saline filled syringe, extension set filled with saline, patient central line catheter

61
Q

You should get a PCV and TP before what?

A

fluids are started

62
Q

Increased PCV indicates what?

A

dehydration

63
Q

Decreased PCV indicates what?

A

over hydration

64
Q

What is a normal PCV for a dog?

A

37-55%

65
Q

What is a normal PCV for a cat?

A

30-45%

66
Q

What is a normal PCV in a horse?

A

32-48%

67
Q

What is a normal PCV for cows?

A

24-46%

68
Q

High TP means what?

A

dehydration

69
Q

Low TP means what?

A

overhydration

70
Q

What is a normal TP for a dog?

A

6.0-7.5 g/dl

71
Q

What is a normal TP for a cat?

A

6.0-7.5 g/dl

72
Q

What is a normal TP for horses?

A

6.0-8.5 g/dl

73
Q

What is a normal TP for cows?

A

6.0-8.0 g/dl

74
Q

What does proper hydration provide?

A

perfusion of tissues with delivery of nutrients, removal of wastes, delivery of drugs

75
Q

Are SQ fluids reliable in a dehydrated animal?

A

probably not

76
Q

Dehydration causes peripheral what?

A

vasoconstriction

77
Q

What routes can you deliver fluids?

A

oral, SQ, IV, IO, IP

78
Q

Which route is the best for fluids?

A

oral

79
Q

What are some contraindications of oral delivery of fluids?

A

vomiting, esophageal disease, aspiration pneumonitis, shock

80
Q

What fluids should be delivered SQ?

A

only isotonic

81
Q

Why should Dextrose or other hypertonic solutions be administered SQ?

A

draws fluids into it, not absorbed, and may cause an abcess

82
Q

What size needle is used for SQ fluid administration?

A

16-22 g depending on size of animal

83
Q

What other size of needle can be used for SQ fluid administration in a dog or cat?

A

18-20 g

84
Q

What amount of fluids should be administered SQ?

A

15ml/lb maximum

85
Q

How many ml should be administered SQ to a cat?

A

10-20 ml/kg/site

86
Q

How many ml should be administered SQ to a large dog?

A

can tolerate >200ml/site

87
Q

SQ is not recommended for what kind of patient?

A

hypovolemic

88
Q

When is IV route used for administration of fluids?

A

for mild to severe dehydration, hypotension, shock, vomit, where significant continuing losses occur

89
Q

What does administration of fluids IV require?

A

close monitoring, asepsis, special care of catheters

90
Q

What technique is used for administration of fluids IP?

A

aseptic

91
Q

Where are IP fluids administered?

A

near umbilicus

92
Q

IO administration of fluids is good when?

A

in emergency

93
Q

What is needed for an aseptic fluid administration technique?

A

lidocaine, 16g needle in neonate, spinal needle+stylet if <4 mo. or bone marrow needle+stylet if >4 mo.

94
Q

How much fluids should be given to a dog in a critical situation?

A

40 ml/#

95
Q

How much fluids should be given to a cat in a critical situation?

A

20 ml/#

96
Q

For critical patients, total blood volume should be divided into how many parts?

A

4

97
Q

PCV less than what indicates a need for transfusion

A

20%

98
Q

TP less than what of starting value indicates a need for transfusion

A

50%

99
Q

In a critical situation fluids are given over how long?

A

an hour

100
Q

In a therapeutic situation fluids are given over how long?

A

24 hours

101
Q

What is oliguria?

A

urine output is lower than normal

102
Q

oliguria can indicate what?

A

renal insufficiency or dehydration

103
Q

What is calor?

A

heat/hot

104
Q

What is dolor?

A

pain

105
Q

What is rugor?

A

redness

106
Q

What is turgor?

A

swelling

107
Q

“hot packs” can encourage abscess to what?

A

liquefy, point and open

108
Q

How warm should the towel be for abscesses?

A

no hotter than you can stand to hold on your own skin

109
Q

“pack” abscesses for how long?

A

5 minutes several times a day

110
Q

What can help reduce swelling and promote blood flow into the area?

A

epsom salts at the rate of 1-2 T/Cup water

111
Q

What does an EKG measure?

A

the electrical conductance of the heart

112
Q

What do EKGs NOT measure?

A

arteries, veins, valves, pericardium

113
Q

In normal lead II complexes, Q and S waves are not always what?

A

present

114
Q

P and R waves are what?

A

positive

115
Q

T wave is usually what in Lead II?

A

positive

116
Q

How do you measure EKG duration?

A

from baseline to baseline

117
Q

How do you measure EKG amplitude?

A

from baseline to top of wave

118
Q

A relationship should exist between what in EKGs?

A

every P and QRS

119
Q

R-R intervals are used to detect what?

A

rhythm vs. arrhythmias

120
Q

What kind of arrhythmias are okay, especially in large breeds/ deep chested dogs?

A

sinus arrhythmias

121
Q

A prolonged P-R interval means what?

A

1st degree heart block

122
Q

What is a 1st degree heart block?

A

delayed impulse SA through AV node

Nursing II (5 decks)

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