Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of tropic hormones?
A
To to target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion
2
Q
Which are steroid hormones?
A
Cortisol Aldosterone Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone
3
Q
What are the different types of hormones?
A
Steroids Nonsteroids Tropic Sex Anabolic
4
Q
Why can steroid pass through the plasma membrane?
A
Because they are lipid molecules that can be absorbed into the membrane
5
Q
Combinations of hormones acting together to have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone
A
Synergism
6
Q
What are prostaglandins?
A
Tissue hormones
7
Q
What is the master glander?
A
Pituitary Gland
8
Q
What hormone causes a shift from glucose catabolism to fat catabolism?
A
Somatotropin
9
Q
What is the function of prolactin?
A
Promotes development of breasts, the mother’s mammary glands to produce milk
10
Q
What is the action of thyrotropin releasing hormone?
A
Stimulates release of thyrotropin and prolactin from the anterior pituitary
11
Q
What is the vascular link between the hypothalamus and adenohypothesis?
A
Hypophyseal portal system
12
Q
What is the function of nuerohypothesis?
A
Serves as a storage and release site for ADH and OT
13
Q
What is the principle hormone?
A
T3 (triiodothyronine)
14
Q
What is the most abundant hormone?
A
T4 (thyroxine)
15
Q
If your homatocrite is low, what is it indicative of?
A
Anemias
16
Q
If your homatocrite is high, what is it indicative of?
A
Polycythemia
17
Q
What is another name for red blood cells?
A
Erythrocytes
18
Q
What are the characteristics of red blood cells?
A
No nucleus
Biconcaved disk-shaped
No organelles
19
Q
What is the primary component of red blood cells?
A
Hemoglobin
20
Q
What is the universal DONOR blood type?
A
O-
21
Q
What is the universal RECIPIENT blood type?
A
AB+
22
Q
What is erythropoeisis?
A
The negative feedback loop in response to decreased blood oxygen
23
Q
What hormone do the kidneys release that stimulates erythrocytes production in the red bone marrow?
A
Erythropoietin
24
Q
What is the function of erythropoietin?
A
To promote the formation of red blood cells by bone marrow
25
What are megakaryoblasts?
The simulation precursor cells in the formation of platelets
26
What are the platelets called in reference to megakaryoblasts?
Thrombopoieses
27
Where are mature megakarocytes primarily found?
Red bone marrow
28
Where else can mature megakarocytes be found?
Lungs and spleen
29
What is the main determinant of a person's total blood volume?
Weight
30
What are the accessory organs of the urinary system?
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
31
What is a calyx?
Cup-like structure at each renal papilla that collects urine
32
What is the function of the urinary system?
Regulates the content of blood plasma to maintain "dynamic constancy"; homestasis of the internal fluid environment within normal limits
33
What forms the renal pelvis?
Minor and major calyces
34
What are the kidneys shaped like?
Beans
35
What does the renal pelvis act as?
A collection basin to drain urine from the kidney
36
What narrows as it exits the kidney to become the ureter?
Renal Pelvis
37
What are the functions of the urinary bladder?
Reservoir for urine before it leaves the body
| Aided by the urethra, expels urine from the body
38
What does the urethra serve in for a male?
Urinary system and reproductive
39
What are the characteristics of the urethra for a female?
Shorter than the male's and is only used in the urinary system
40
What is the process of substances traveling from the glomerulus to the Bowman's capsule?
Filtration
41
What are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system?
Hormones
42
True/False: The endocrine system effects are slow to appear, yet long-lasting
True
43
Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?
- Pineal
- Placenta
- Parathyroid
- Intestines
Intestines
44
Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?
- Pineal
- Placenta
- Parathyroid
- Intestines
Intestines
45
What can many hormones secreted by endocrine tissues be classified as?
Tropic or hypotropic hormones
46
Nonsteroid hormones include what?
Proteins
Peptides
Glycoproteins
Amino Acid Derivitives
47
What do anabolic hormones do?
Stimulate anabolism in their target cells
48
What is the second messenger often involved in nonsteroid hormone action?
cAMP
49
What are the functions of the neuroendocrine system?
Communication
Conduction
Integration
50
What is the control of hormone secretion usually a part of and rarely a part of?
Usually a part of a negative feedback loop
| Rarely a part of a positive feedback loop
51
What are eicosanoids referred to as?
Tissue hormones
52
True/False: Aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis
False
53
If norepinephrine diffuses into the blood and then binds to an adrenergic receptor in a distant target cell, what is it known as?
Hormone
54
What common molecule are all steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
55
Which of the following is not a peptide?
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Oxytocin
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- Testosterone
Testosterone
56
The target cell concept is an example of the _______ model of chemical reactions.
Lock-and-key
57
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the what?
Infundibulum
58
What links the nervous system with the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
59
What can hypersecretion of prolactin cause?
Impotence in men
60
Psychosomatic and somatopsychic relationships between human body systems and the brain are what?
A real phenomenon
61
What are the two lobes of the thyroid connected by?
Isthmus
62
High blood calcium levels can cause all of the following except:
- Constipation
- Muscle spasms
- Lethargy
- Coma
Muscle Spasms
63
PTH increases calcium absorption in the intestines by activating what?
Vitamin D
64
Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?
- Aldosterone
- Epinephrine
- Adrenal androgens
- Adrenal estrogens
Epinephrine
65
What is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Adrenaline
66
What is the most physiologically important mineralocorticoid?
Aldosterone
67
What is the function of glucagon?
Increase blood glucose concentrations
68
What is the function of insulin?
Decrease blood concentration of glucose, amino acids and fats
69
What is the major hormone produced by the corpus luteum?
Progesterone
70
What is testosterone produced by?
Interstitial cells
71
What is the hormone that can be detected during the early part of a woman's pregnancy with an over-the-counter kit?
hCG
72
What does the outer zone of adrenal cortex secrete?
Mineralocorticoids
73
From what condition does diabetes insipidus result?
Low antidiuretic hormone levels
74
What can result when too much growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland?
Hyperglycemia and a pituitary giant
75
What gland is NOT regulated by the pituitary?
- Thyroid
- Ovaries
- Adrenals
- Thymus
Thymus
76
What controls the development of the body's immune system?
Thymus
77
Administration of what would best treat a person suffering from rheumatoid arthritis?
Glucocorticoids
78
Which endocrine gland is composed of cell clusters called the islets of Langerhans?
Pancreas
79
The normal adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of what?
Androgens
80
What is the composition of blood?
55% plasma, 45% formed elements
81
A hematocrit of 45% means that in every 100 mL of whole blood:
There are 45 mL of red blood cells and 55 mL of plasma
82
Reduced red blood cell numbers cause what?
Anemia
83
Which formed elements carry oxygen?
Erythrocytes
84
All formed elements arise from which stem cell?
Hemocytoblast
85
A person with an antibody A in his/her plasma would have which blood type?
Type B
86
People with type O bloody are considered to be universal donors because their blood contains what?
Neither A nor B antigens on their RBCs
87
A blood type and crossmatch is performed prior to transfusion. What can happen if this procedure is NOT completed?
The blood may agglutinate
Blood lysis may occur
A transfusion reaction may occur
88
What is not a critical component of coagulation?
- Thrombin
- Fibrinolysis
- Fibrinogen
- Fibrin
Fibrinolysis
89
For prothrombin to be synthesized by the liver, an adequate amount of which vitamin is required?
Vitamin K
90
What does NOT hasten clotting?
Heparin
91
True/False: Leukemia is characterized by a low number of WBCs.
False
92
Deficiency in the number or function of erythrocytes is called what?
Anemia
93
True/False: A characteristic of leukocytes are disc-shaped cells that do not contain a nucleus.
False
94
What is not found in serum?
- Clotting factors
- Water
- Hormones
Clotting Factors
95
Which are not found in blood plasma?
- Water
- Oxygen
- hormones
- All
All are in blood plasma
96
All allergic reaction may increase the number of what?
Eosinophils
97
What is a blood clot that is moving through the body called?
Embolism
98
When could difficulty with the Rh blood factor arise?
Rh-negative woman and an Rh-positive man produce a child
99
What is not a step involved in blood clot formation?
Thrombin is converted into prothrombin
100
What is regulated by the kidneys?
Water content of the blood
Blood ion concentration
Blood pH level
101
The medial surface of each kidney has a notch called what?
Hilum
102
At the beginning of the "plumbing system" of the urinary system, urine leaving the renal papilla is collected in the cuplike structures called?
Calyces
103
The functional unit of the kidney is the what?
Nephron
104
What are components of the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus
| Bowman's capsule
105
Which structure secretes renin when blood pressure in the afferent arteriole drops?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
106
The juxtaglomerular cells reside where?
Afferent arteriole
107
What is NOT a process of urine formation?
- Filtration
- Diffusion
- Re absorption
- Secretion
Diffusion
108
The movement of molecules out of the peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion is what?
Secretion
109
What is considered a countercurrent structure?
Henle Loop
110
Water loss from the blood is reduced by what?
ADH and aldosterone
111
Dysteria describes what?
Painful urination
112
What is not a normal content of urine?
Plasma proteins
113
Which of the following is not symptomatic of diabetes mellitus?
- Copious urination
- Glycosuria
- Anuria
- Diuresis
Anuria
114
Which of the following processes is used by the artificial kidney to remove waster materials from the blood?
Dialysis
115
Failure of the kidneys to remove wastes from the blood will result in what?
Uremia
116
Hydrogen ions are transferred from blood into the urin during which of the following processes?
Secretion
117
What condition is considered normal in an infant younger than 2 years of age?
Incontinence
118
What step involved in the urine formation allows the blood to retain most body nutrients?
Reabsorption
119
Voluntary control of micturition is achieved by the action of what?
External urethral sphincter
120
What is the structure that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder called?
Ureter
121
What are the capillary loops contained within Bowman's capsule called?
Glomeruli
122
The triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidney are known as what?
Pyramids
123
Where is the trigone located?
Bladder
124
What can endocrine glands be made up of?
"Ductless glands" composed of glandular epithelium
125
What are the regulatory effects of the endocrine system?
Hormones are carried to almost every point in the body and can regulate most cells
126
What are the characteristics of the endocrine system?
Function in communication, integration, and control
127
Which glands are located in the cranial cavity?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
128
What glands are located in the neck?
Thyroid gland
| Parathyroid gland
129
Which glands are located in the abdominal cavity?
Adrenal glands
| Pancreatic islets
130
Which glands are located in the pelvic cavity?
Ovaries
131
Where are the testes located?
Scrotum
132
Where is the placenta located?
Pregnant uterus
133
What is the last step in nonsteroid hormone mechanism?
Small iodinated amino acids enter the target cell and bind to receptors associated with a DNA molecule in the nucleus; this binding triggers the transcription of mRNA and synthesis of new enzymes
134
What is augmentation?
The process of getting bigger or larger in size
135
What hormones are secreted by basophils?
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone
LH (leutinizing)
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
136
What do gonadotrophs secrete?
Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
137
What does the ovarian follicle do?
Secrete estrogens, anticipating milk secretion
138
What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?
```
Releasing Hormones:
Oxytocin (OT)
Prolactin-Releasing hormone (PRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Dopamine (PIH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Somatostatin (SS)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Gonadotropin (GnRH)
```
139
What is the adenohypophysis?
Anterior pituitary gland
140
What is the growth hormone (GH)?
Tends to shift cell chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source that leads to increased blood glucose levels
141
TSH is also referred to as what?
Thyrotropin
142
What stimulates the ovarian follicles?
Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
143
What are the gonadotropins that stimulate growth and maintenance of gonads?
FSH and LH
144
How many actions does oxytocin have?
Two
145
What does oxytocin do?
Causes milk ejection from the breast and stimulates contraction of uterine muscles that occurs during after childbirth (Positive feedback mechanism)
146
What is the PTH?
Parathyroid hormone that is an antagonist to calcitonin and primary hormone that maintans calcium homeostasis
147
What does aldosterone do?
Increases water retention and promotes loss of potassium and hydrogen ions
148
What are glucocorticoids?
Essential for maintaining normal blood pressure by aiding norepinephrine and epinephrine (vasoconstriction)
149
What is the pancreatic islets composed of?
Endocrine and exocrine tissues
150
What does thymosin play a role in?
Immunity
151
What does the placenta produce?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Estrogens
Progesterone
152
When a small amount of one hormone allows a second one to have its full effects on a target cell
Permissiveness
153
When one hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone
Antagonism
