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Anatomy & Physiology II > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of tropic hormones?

A

To to target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion

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2
Q

Which are steroid hormones?

A 
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
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3
Q

What are the different types of hormones?

A 
Steroids
Nonsteroids
Tropic
Sex
Anabolic
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4
Q

Why can steroid pass through the plasma membrane?

A

Because they are lipid molecules that can be absorbed into the membrane

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5
Q

Combinations of hormones acting together to have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone

A

Synergism

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6
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Tissue hormones

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7
Q

What is the master glander?

A

Pituitary Gland

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8
Q

What hormone causes a shift from glucose catabolism to fat catabolism?

A

Somatotropin

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9
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Promotes development of breasts, the mother’s mammary glands to produce milk

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10
Q

What is the action of thyrotropin releasing hormone?

A

Stimulates release of thyrotropin and prolactin from the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

What is the vascular link between the hypothalamus and adenohypothesis?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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12
Q

What is the function of nuerohypothesis?

A

Serves as a storage and release site for ADH and OT

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13
Q

What is the principle hormone?

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)

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14
Q

What is the most abundant hormone?

A

T4 (thyroxine)

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15
Q

If your homatocrite is low, what is it indicative of?

A

Anemias

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16
Q

If your homatocrite is high, what is it indicative of?

A

Polycythemia

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17
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of red blood cells?

A

No nucleus
Biconcaved disk-shaped
No organelles

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19
Q

What is the primary component of red blood cells?

A

Hemoglobin

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20
Q

What is the universal DONOR blood type?

A

O-

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21
Q

What is the universal RECIPIENT blood type?

A

AB+

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22
Q

What is erythropoeisis?

A

The negative feedback loop in response to decreased blood oxygen

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23
Q

What hormone do the kidneys release that stimulates erythrocytes production in the red bone marrow?

A

Erythropoietin

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24
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

To promote the formation of red blood cells by bone marrow

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25
Q

What are megakaryoblasts?

A

The simulation precursor cells in the formation of platelets

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26
Q

What are the platelets called in reference to megakaryoblasts?

A

Thrombopoieses

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27
Q

Where are mature megakarocytes primarily found?

A

Red bone marrow

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28
Q

Where else can mature megakarocytes be found?

A

Lungs and spleen

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29
Q

What is the main determinant of a person’s total blood volume?

A

Weight

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30
Q

What are the accessory organs of the urinary system?

A

Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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31
Q

What is a calyx?

A

Cup-like structure at each renal papilla that collects urine

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32
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

Regulates the content of blood plasma to maintain “dynamic constancy”; homestasis of the internal fluid environment within normal limits

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33
Q

What forms the renal pelvis?

A

Minor and major calyces

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34
Q

What are the kidneys shaped like?

A

Beans

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35
Q

What does the renal pelvis act as?

A

A collection basin to drain urine from the kidney

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36
Q

What narrows as it exits the kidney to become the ureter?

A

Renal Pelvis

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37
Q

What are the functions of the urinary bladder?

A

Reservoir for urine before it leaves the body

Aided by the urethra, expels urine from the body

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38
Q

What does the urethra serve in for a male?

A

Urinary system and reproductive

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of the urethra for a female?

A

Shorter than the male’s and is only used in the urinary system

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40
Q

What is the process of substances traveling from the glomerulus to the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Filtration

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41
Q

What are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system?

A

Hormones

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42
Q

True/False: The endocrine system effects are slow to appear, yet long-lasting

A

True

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43
Q

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

  • Pineal
  • Placenta
  • Parathyroid
  • Intestines
A

Intestines

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44
Q

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

  • Pineal
  • Placenta
  • Parathyroid
  • Intestines
A

Intestines

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45
Q

What can many hormones secreted by endocrine tissues be classified as?

A

Tropic or hypotropic hormones

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46
Q

Nonsteroid hormones include what?

A

Proteins
Peptides
Glycoproteins
Amino Acid Derivitives

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47
Q

What do anabolic hormones do?

A

Stimulate anabolism in their target cells

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48
Q

What is the second messenger often involved in nonsteroid hormone action?

A

cAMP

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49
Q

What are the functions of the neuroendocrine system?

A

Communication
Conduction
Integration

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50
Q

What is the control of hormone secretion usually a part of and rarely a part of?

A

Usually a part of a negative feedback loop

Rarely a part of a positive feedback loop

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51
Q

What are eicosanoids referred to as?

A

Tissue hormones

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52
Q

True/False: Aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis

A

False

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53
Q

If norepinephrine diffuses into the blood and then binds to an adrenergic receptor in a distant target cell, what is it known as?

A

Hormone

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54
Q

What common molecule are all steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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55
Q

Which of the following is not a peptide?

  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Oxytocin
  • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
  • Testosterone
A

Testosterone

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56
Q

The target cell concept is an example of the _______ model of chemical reactions.

A

Lock-and-key

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57
Q

The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the what?

A

Infundibulum

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58
Q

What links the nervous system with the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

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59
Q

What can hypersecretion of prolactin cause?

A

Impotence in men

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60
Q

Psychosomatic and somatopsychic relationships between human body systems and the brain are what?

A

A real phenomenon

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61
Q

What are the two lobes of the thyroid connected by?

A

Isthmus

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62
Q

High blood calcium levels can cause all of the following except:

  • Constipation
  • Muscle spasms
  • Lethargy
  • Coma
A

Muscle Spasms

63
Q

PTH increases calcium absorption in the intestines by activating what?

A

Vitamin D

64
Q

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?

  • Aldosterone
  • Epinephrine
  • Adrenal androgens
  • Adrenal estrogens
A

Epinephrine

65
Q

What is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Adrenaline

66
Q

What is the most physiologically important mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

67
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Increase blood glucose concentrations

68
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Decrease blood concentration of glucose, amino acids and fats

69
Q

What is the major hormone produced by the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone

70
Q

What is testosterone produced by?

A

Interstitial cells

71
Q

What is the hormone that can be detected during the early part of a woman’s pregnancy with an over-the-counter kit?

A

hCG

72
Q

What does the outer zone of adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids

73
Q

From what condition does diabetes insipidus result?

A

Low antidiuretic hormone levels

74
Q

What can result when too much growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland?

A

Hyperglycemia and a pituitary giant

75
Q

What gland is NOT regulated by the pituitary?

  • Thyroid
  • Ovaries
  • Adrenals
  • Thymus
A

Thymus

76
Q

What controls the development of the body’s immune system?

A

Thymus

77
Q

Administration of what would best treat a person suffering from rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Glucocorticoids

78
Q

Which endocrine gland is composed of cell clusters called the islets of Langerhans?

A

Pancreas

79
Q

The normal adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of what?

A

Androgens

80
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

81
Q

A hematocrit of 45% means that in every 100 mL of whole blood:

A

There are 45 mL of red blood cells and 55 mL of plasma

82
Q

Reduced red blood cell numbers cause what?

A

Anemia

83
Q

Which formed elements carry oxygen?

A

Erythrocytes

84
Q

All formed elements arise from which stem cell?

A

Hemocytoblast

85
Q

A person with an antibody A in his/her plasma would have which blood type?

A

Type B

86
Q

People with type O bloody are considered to be universal donors because their blood contains what?

A

Neither A nor B antigens on their RBCs

87
Q

A blood type and crossmatch is performed prior to transfusion. What can happen if this procedure is NOT completed?

A

The blood may agglutinate
Blood lysis may occur
A transfusion reaction may occur

88
Q

What is not a critical component of coagulation?

  • Thrombin
  • Fibrinolysis
  • Fibrinogen
  • Fibrin
A

Fibrinolysis

89
Q

For prothrombin to be synthesized by the liver, an adequate amount of which vitamin is required?

A

Vitamin K

90
Q

What does NOT hasten clotting?

A

Heparin

91
Q

True/False: Leukemia is characterized by a low number of WBCs.

A

False

92
Q

Deficiency in the number or function of erythrocytes is called what?

A

Anemia

93
Q

True/False: A characteristic of leukocytes are disc-shaped cells that do not contain a nucleus.

A

False

94
Q

What is not found in serum?

  • Clotting factors
  • Water
  • Hormones
A

Clotting Factors

95
Q

Which are not found in blood plasma?

  • Water
  • Oxygen
  • hormones
  • All
A

All are in blood plasma

96
Q

All allergic reaction may increase the number of what?

A

Eosinophils

97
Q

What is a blood clot that is moving through the body called?

A

Embolism

98
Q

When could difficulty with the Rh blood factor arise?

A

Rh-negative woman and an Rh-positive man produce a child

99
Q

What is not a step involved in blood clot formation?

A

Thrombin is converted into prothrombin

100
Q

What is regulated by the kidneys?

A

Water content of the blood
Blood ion concentration
Blood pH level

101
Q

The medial surface of each kidney has a notch called what?

A

Hilum

102
Q

At the beginning of the “plumbing system” of the urinary system, urine leaving the renal papilla is collected in the cuplike structures called?

A

Calyces

103
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the what?

A

Nephron

104
Q

What are components of the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

105
Q

Which structure secretes renin when blood pressure in the afferent arteriole drops?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

106
Q

The juxtaglomerular cells reside where?

A

Afferent arteriole

107
Q

What is NOT a process of urine formation?

  • Filtration
  • Diffusion
  • Re absorption
  • Secretion
A

Diffusion

108
Q

The movement of molecules out of the peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion is what?

A

Secretion

109
Q

What is considered a countercurrent structure?

A

Henle Loop

110
Q

Water loss from the blood is reduced by what?

A

ADH and aldosterone

111
Q

Dysteria describes what?

A

Painful urination

112
Q

What is not a normal content of urine?

A

Plasma proteins

113
Q

Which of the following is not symptomatic of diabetes mellitus?

  • Copious urination
  • Glycosuria
  • Anuria
  • Diuresis
A

Anuria

114
Q

Which of the following processes is used by the artificial kidney to remove waster materials from the blood?

A

Dialysis

115
Q

Failure of the kidneys to remove wastes from the blood will result in what?

A

Uremia

116
Q

Hydrogen ions are transferred from blood into the urin during which of the following processes?

A

Secretion

117
Q

What condition is considered normal in an infant younger than 2 years of age?

A

Incontinence

118
Q

What step involved in the urine formation allows the blood to retain most body nutrients?

A

Reabsorption

119
Q

Voluntary control of micturition is achieved by the action of what?

A

External urethral sphincter

120
Q

What is the structure that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder called?

A

Ureter

121
Q

What are the capillary loops contained within Bowman’s capsule called?

A

Glomeruli

122
Q

The triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidney are known as what?

A

Pyramids

123
Q

Where is the trigone located?

A

Bladder

124
Q

What can endocrine glands be made up of?

A

“Ductless glands” composed of glandular epithelium

125
Q

What are the regulatory effects of the endocrine system?

A

Hormones are carried to almost every point in the body and can regulate most cells

126
Q

What are the characteristics of the endocrine system?

A

Function in communication, integration, and control

127
Q

Which glands are located in the cranial cavity?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland

128
Q

What glands are located in the neck?

A

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

129
Q

Which glands are located in the abdominal cavity?

A

Adrenal glands

Pancreatic islets

130
Q

Which glands are located in the pelvic cavity?

A

Ovaries

131
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

Scrotum

132
Q

Where is the placenta located?

A

Pregnant uterus

133
Q

What is the last step in nonsteroid hormone mechanism?

A

Small iodinated amino acids enter the target cell and bind to receptors associated with a DNA molecule in the nucleus; this binding triggers the transcription of mRNA and synthesis of new enzymes

134
Q

What is augmentation?

A

The process of getting bigger or larger in size

135
Q

What hormones are secreted by basophils?

A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone
LH (leutinizing)
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

136
Q

What do gonadotrophs secrete?

A

Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

137
Q

What does the ovarian follicle do?

A

Secrete estrogens, anticipating milk secretion

138
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

A 
Releasing Hormones:
Oxytocin (OT)
Prolactin-Releasing hormone (PRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Dopamine (PIH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Somatostatin (SS)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Gonadotropin (GnRH)
139
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

140
Q

What is the growth hormone (GH)?

A

Tends to shift cell chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source that leads to increased blood glucose levels

141
Q

TSH is also referred to as what?

A

Thyrotropin

142
Q

What stimulates the ovarian follicles?

A

Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)

143
Q

What are the gonadotropins that stimulate growth and maintenance of gonads?

A

FSH and LH

144
Q

How many actions does oxytocin have?

A

Two

145
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Causes milk ejection from the breast and stimulates contraction of uterine muscles that occurs during after childbirth (Positive feedback mechanism)

146
Q

What is the PTH?

A

Parathyroid hormone that is an antagonist to calcitonin and primary hormone that maintans calcium homeostasis

147
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Increases water retention and promotes loss of potassium and hydrogen ions

148
Q

What are glucocorticoids?

A

Essential for maintaining normal blood pressure by aiding norepinephrine and epinephrine (vasoconstriction)

149
Q

What is the pancreatic islets composed of?

A

Endocrine and exocrine tissues

150
Q

What does thymosin play a role in?

A

Immunity

151
Q

What does the placenta produce?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Estrogens
Progesterone

152
Q

When a small amount of one hormone allows a second one to have its full effects on a target cell

A

Permissiveness

153
Q

When one hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone

A

Antagonism

Anatomy & Physiology II (9 decks)

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