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Anatomy & Physiology II > Test 2 (Chapters 22, 23, 24 and 45) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Chapters 22, 23, 24 and 45) Flashcards

1
Q

Does the autonomic nervous system regulate visceral activities?

A

No

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2
Q

Are all of its neurons motor?

A

No, it’s a mix of motor and somatic

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3
Q

What are the major functions of the ANS?

A

Regulate heartbeat, smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretions, and metabolism

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4
Q

What can happen when preganglionic fibers are inside the sympathetic fiber?

A
  1. Can synapse with sympathetic postganglionic neuron
  2. Can send ascending/descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia
  3. Pass through one or more chain ganglia without synapsing
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5
Q

Why do sympathetic responses have a widespread affect on the whole body?

A

It is the fight-or-flight division, which serves as an emergency system

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6
Q

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies located?

A

Nuclei in the brainstem or lateral gray columns of the sacral cord

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7
Q

What do parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies do?

A

They extend a considerable distance before synapsing with postganglionic neurons

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8
Q

What does tonically active mean?

A

Remaining stable, being aware, flowing.

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9
Q

What do adrenergic fibers release?

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

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10
Q

What do cholinergic fibers release?

A

Acetylcholine

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11
Q

In parasympathetic division, is the preganglionic chain long or short?

A

Long

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12
Q

In the sympathetic division, is the preganglionic chain long or short?

A

Short

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13
Q

In the sympathetic division, is the postganglionic chain long or short?

A

Long

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14
Q

In the parasympathetic division, is the postganglionic chain long or short?

A

Short

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15
Q

In parasympathetic, the postganglionic chain releases acetylcholine, which makes the chain _______ and binds to what receptors?

A

Cholinergic, muscarinic

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16
Q

In sympathetic, the postganglionic chain releases norepinephrine or epinephrine, which makes the chain _______ and binds to what receptors?

A

Adrenergic, Alpha or Beta

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17
Q

What does acetylcholine stimulate?

A

Digestive glad secretion

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18
Q

What do special senses consist of?

A

General (somatic) and Special

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19
Q

What happens in the presence of a continuous stimulus?

A

The frequency (rate) of impulses declines quickly in rapidly adapting receptors

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20
Q

What are somatic senses?

A

Also known as general senses which involve touch, pressure, pain and temperature

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21
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

activated when “deformed” to generate receptor potential

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22
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Activated by the amount or changing concentration of certain chemicals, such as taste and smell

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23
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Activated by changes in temperature

24
Q

Nocireceptors

A

Activated by intense stimuli that may damage tissue (pain)

25
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Found only in the eye (light); they respond to light stimuli if the intensity is great enough to generate a receptor potential

26
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Concentrated in the hypothalamus and are activated by changes in the concentration of electrolytes in extracellular fluids, stimulates the thirst center

27
Q

What is another name for free nerve endings?

A

Nociceptors - primary receptors for pain

28
Q

Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscle

A

Large numbers in hairless skin areas, such as nipples, fingertips and lips

29
Q

Lamellar (Pacini) Corpuscle

A

Found in deep dermis and joint capsules; adapt quickly, but sensations they evoke seldom last long

30
Q

Proprioception

A

Ability to sense stimuli arising within the body regarding position, motion and equilibrium.

31
Q

What type of receptors are olfactory cells?

A

Chemoreceptors

32
Q

What are chemoreceptors stimulated by?

A

Chemicals dissolved in the saliva

33
Q

What are the 5 taste sensations?

A

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami

34
Q

What are the 3 auditory ossicles of the middle ear?

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

35
Q

What is the malleus attached to?

A

Inner surface of the tympanic membrane

36
Q

What is the opening from the external acoustic meatus covered with?

A

Tympanic membrane

37
Q

What opening does the stapes fit into?

A

Oval window

38
Q

What other window is covered by a membrane?

A

Round window

39
Q

What is another opening of the middle ear?

A

Opening into the auditory (eustachian) tube

40
Q

What is the cochlea associated with?

A

Hearing

41
Q

What is the bony labyrinth composed of?

A

Vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals

42
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Tough, white fibrous tissue

43
Q

What is the retina made up of?

A

An outer layer of figmented epithelium and an inner layer of nervous tissue

44
Q

What is strabismus?

A

An abnormal convergence

45
Q

What are the refracting media of the eye?

A

The cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitrous body

46
Q

What are the 3 types of cones that are present in the retina?

A

S cones, M cones, L cones

47
Q

S Cones

A

Blue-sensitive (short wavelengths)

48
Q

M Cones

A

Green-sensitive (medium wavelengths)

49
Q

L Cones

A

Red-sensitive (long wavelengths)

50
Q

What is the reproductive system’s purpose?

A

To ensure survival of the genes that characterize the human species

51
Q

What are the essential organs of the male reproductive system?

A

Gonads, testes

52
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A

Genital ducts, glands, supporting structures

53
Q

What are the supporting structures?

A

Scrotum, penis, and pair of spermatic cords

54
Q

What make up the accessory glands?

A

Pair of seminal vesicles, one prostate, and a pair of bulbourethral glands

55
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

It encases each testes and sends out septa that divide the testes into 200 lobules

56
Q

How much lower is the left testes from the right?

A

1 cm

Anatomy & Physiology II (9 decks)

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