Chapters 31, 32, 33 and 48

Question 1

What is lymph composed of?

Answer 1

Clear, watery appearing fluid found in the lymphatic vessels and are isotonic

Question 2

What is interstitial fluid composed of?

Answer 2

Fluid spaces between cells that has lower protein concentrations

Question 3

What absorbs fats and other nutrients and are found in the small intestine?

Answer 3

Lacteals

Question 4

What is the difference between lymphatic and veins?

Answer 4

Lymphatic vessels have thinner walls, more valves, contain lymph nodes. As the diameter of the lymphatic vessels increases, the walls become thicker

Question 5

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 5

Maintain fluid balance in the internal environment, it returns certain substances to the general circulation, and lymph vessels act as drains to collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the venous tissue.

Question 6

What are the lymph organs?

Answer 6

Tonsils, thymus, spleen and bone marrow

Question 7

Where do the lymph ducts drain into?

Answer 7

From the upper right quadrant empties into the right lymphatic duct and then into the subclavian vein.
From the rest of the body, it empties into the thoracic duct

Question 8

What is the percentage of total proteins that leak out and return via lymphatic vessels?

Answer 8

50%

Question 9

What establishes the lymph pressure gradient?

Answer 9

Process of inspiration.

Question 10

What increases the flow of lymph?

Answer 10

Skeletal muscle contraction

Question 11

What is the location of the spleen?

Answer 11

Behind the fundus of the stomach and just above the left kidney.

Question 12

What are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 12

Defense, tissue repair, hematopoietic, red blood cell and platelet destruction, blood reservoir.

Question 13

What does the spleen consist of?

Answer 13

Red and white pulp. White pulp is clusters of lymphocytes. Red pulp is a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood.

Question 14

What would happen if spleen was ruptured?

Answer 14

Patient would have extremely low blood pressure and internal bleeding would present.

Question 15

What is the primary organ of the lymphatic system?

Answer 15

Thymus

Question 16

What happens to the thymus as we get older?

Answer 16

Turns to adipose tissue

Question 17

Where is the thymus gland located?

Answer 17

The mediastinum

Question 18

What purpose does the thymus have in youth?

Answer 18

T-cells mature and differentiate here.

Question 19

What hormones does the thymus produce?

Answer 19

Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin, thymocyte humoral factor.

Question 20

What establishes the lymph pressure gradient?

Answer 20

Process of inspiration.

Question 21

What increases the flow of lymph?

Answer 21

Skeletal muscle contraction

Question 22

What is the location of the spleen?

Answer 22

Behind the fundus of the stomach and just above the left kidney.

Question 23

What are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 23

Defense, tissue repair, hematopoietic, red blood cell and platelet destruction, blood reservoir.

Question 24

What does the spleen consist of?

Answer 24

Red and white pulp. White pulp is clusters of lymphocytes. Red pulp is a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood.

Question 25

What would happen if spleen was ruptured?

Answer 25

Patient would have extremely low blood pressure and internal bleeding would present.

Question 26

What is the primary organ of the lymphatic system?

Answer 26

Thymus

Question 27

What happens to the thymus as we get older?

Answer 27

Turns to adipose tissue

Question 28

Where is the thymus gland located?

Answer 28

The mediastinum

Question 29

What purpose does the thymus have in youth?

Answer 29

T-cells mature and differentiate here.

Question 30

What hormones does the thymus produce?

Answer 30

Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin, thymocyte humoral factor.

Question 31

What establishes the lymph pressure gradient?

Answer 31

Process of inspiration.

Question 32

What increases the flow of lymph?

Answer 32

Skeletal muscle contraction

Question 33

What is the location of the spleen?

Answer 33

Behind the fundus of the stomach and just above the left kidney.

Question 34

What are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 34

Defense, tissue repair, hematopoietic, red blood cell and platelet destruction, blood reservoir.

Question 35

What does the spleen consist of?

Answer 35

Red and white pulp. White pulp is clusters of lymphocytes. Red pulp is a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood.

Question 36

What would happen if spleen was ruptured?

Answer 36

Patient would have extremely low blood pressure and internal bleeding would present.

Question 37

What is the primary organ of the lymphatic system?

Answer 37

Thymus

Question 38

What happens to the thymus as we get older?

Answer 38

Turns to adipose tissue

Question 39

Where is the thymus gland located?

Answer 39

The mediastinum

Question 40

What purpose does the thymus have in youth?

Answer 40

T-cells mature and differentiate here.

Question 41

What hormones does the thymus produce?

Answer 41

Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin, thymocyte humoral factor.

Question 42

What establishes the lymph pressure gradient?

Answer 42

Process of inspiration.

Question 43

What increases the flow of lymph?

Answer 43

Skeletal muscle contraction

Question 44

What is the location of the spleen?

Answer 44

Behind the fundus of the stomach and just above the left kidney.

Question 45

What are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 45

Defense, tissue repair, hematopoietic, red blood cell and platelet destruction, blood reservoir.

Question 46

What does the spleen consist of?

Answer 46

Red and white pulp. White pulp is clusters of lymphocytes. Red pulp is a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood.

Question 47

What would happen if spleen was ruptured?

Answer 47

Patient would have extremely low blood pressure and internal bleeding would present.

Question 48

What is the primary organ of the lymphatic system?

Answer 48

Thymus

Question 49

What happens to the thymus as we get older?

Answer 49

Turns to adipose tissue

Question 50

Where is the thymus gland located?

Answer 50

The mediastinum

Question 51

What purpose does the thymus have in youth?

Answer 51

T-cells mature and differentiate here.

Question 52

What hormones does the thymus produce?

Answer 52

Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin, thymocyte humoral factor.

Question 53

What line of defenses are non-specific immunity?

Answer 53

First and Second line of defenses

Question 54

What does the first line of defense include?

Answer 54

Mechanical and chemical barriers

Question 55

What are the inflammation mediators?

Answer 55

Histamine, kin is, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, interleukins, and related compounds

Question 56

What are chemotactic factors?

Answer 56

Substances that attract white blood cells to area of injury in a process called chemotaxis

Question 57

What is the most numerous type of phagocyte?

Answer 57

Neutrophil

Question 58

What is non-specific immunity?

Answer 58

Innate: in place before a person is exposed to a particular harmful particle or condition.

Question 59

What is specific immunity?

Answer 59

Adaptive: part of the third line of defense consisting of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. Targets only specific harmful particles

Question 60

What are the major types of interferon?

Answer 60

Leukocytes, immune, fibroblast

Question 61

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 61

Ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles

Question 62

What can phagocytes be?

Answer 62

Macrophages, B cells, or dendritic cells

Question 63

What type of defense is phagocytosis?

Answer 63

Innate defense but also plays a role in adaptive immunity

Question 64

What does interferon inhibit?

Answer 64

Spread of viruses

Question 65

What type of cells are involved in non-specific immunity?

Answer 65

Epithelial barrier cells, phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages), and natural killer cells

Question 66

What chemicals are used as a chemical barrier to pathogens?

Answer 66

Lysosomes, hydrochloric acid in stomach, sebum, mucus, enzymes

Question 67

What are the characteristics of inflammation?

Answer 67

Redness, swelling, heat and pain

Question 68

What is fever?

Answer 68

A manifestation of body-wide response

Question 69

What do we call the ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells?

Answer 69

Self-tolerance

Question 70

Adaptive immunity is also called what?

Answer 70

Specific immunity

Question 71

B cell mechanisms are classified as what?

Answer 71

Antibody mediated immunity

Question 72

Macromolecules induce the immune system to make certain responses called what?

Answer 72

Antigens

Question 73

What are memory T cells?

Answer 73

They stay in the bone marrow until needed later to produce more effector T cells and and memory T cells

Question 74

What are effector T cells?

Answer 74

Go to the site where the antigen entered, bond to antigens, and begin their attack

Question 75

Antibody that naive b bells synthesize and insert into their own plasma membranes and predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen:

Answer 75

IgM

Question 76

Makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood and predominant antibody of the secondary antibody response:

Answer 76

IgG

Question 77

Major class of anitbody in the mucous membranes, saliva, and tears:

Answer 77

IgA

Question 78

Small amount and produces harmful effects such as allergies:

Answer 78

IgE

Question 79

Small amount in blood and precise function unknown

Answer 79

IgD

Question 80

What do we call a DNA molecule?

Answer 80

DNA

Question 81

What is the principle of independent assortment?

Answer 81

Two members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate, and the maternal and paternal chromosomes get mixed up and redistributed independently.

Question 82

What is the process of genes from one location crossing to the same location on a matching chromosome?

Answer 82

Crossing over

Question 83

What are the characteristics of albinism?

Answer 83

Recessive trait; produces abnormalities only in those with 2 recessive genes

Question 84

The genotype of XX would be:

Answer 84

Female

Question 85

The genotype of XY would be:

Answer 85

Male

Question 86

How is hair color determined?

Answer 86

By the various amounts of melanin deposited in the cells: eumelanin in the cortex can produce many shades of blonde and brunette hair, phenomena in gives reddish tint, and white hair has no pigment

Question 87

What does the sickle cell trait do?

Answer 87

Protects against malaria

Question 88

What are the characteristics of Klinefelter’s?

Answer 88

XXY; long legs, enlarged breasts, low intelligence, small testes, sterility, and chronic pulmonary disease; raised as males

Question 89

What are the characteristics of Turner’s?

Answer 89

XXO; occurs in females with a single X chromosome. Characterized by failure of ovaries and other organs to mature, sterility, cardiovascular defects, dwarfism, webbed neck, and learning disorders; raised as female

Question 90

What are the characteristics of Down syndrome?

Answer 90

Trisomy 21; triplet of chromosome 21 rather than a pair; characterized by mental retardation and multiple defects

Question 91

What are the characteristics of color blindness?

Answer 91

Recessive X-linked genes, almost always male

Question 92

A female can inherit an X-linked recessive trait if her father is what?

Answer 92

A carrier