Chapters 31, 32, 33 and 48 Flashcards
What is lymph composed of?
Clear, watery appearing fluid found in the lymphatic vessels and are isotonic
What is interstitial fluid composed of?
Fluid spaces between cells that has lower protein concentrations
What absorbs fats and other nutrients and are found in the small intestine?
Lacteals
What is the difference between lymphatic and veins?
Lymphatic vessels have thinner walls, more valves, contain lymph nodes. As the diameter of the lymphatic vessels increases, the walls become thicker
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Maintain fluid balance in the internal environment, it returns certain substances to the general circulation, and lymph vessels act as drains to collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the venous tissue.
What are the lymph organs?
Tonsils, thymus, spleen and bone marrow
Where do the lymph ducts drain into?
From the upper right quadrant empties into the right lymphatic duct and then into the subclavian vein.
From the rest of the body, it empties into the thoracic duct
What is the percentage of total proteins that leak out and return via lymphatic vessels?
50%
What establishes the lymph pressure gradient?
Process of inspiration.
What increases the flow of lymph?
Skeletal muscle contraction
What is the location of the spleen?
Behind the fundus of the stomach and just above the left kidney.
What are the functions of the spleen?
Defense, tissue repair, hematopoietic, red blood cell and platelet destruction, blood reservoir.
What does the spleen consist of?
Red and white pulp. White pulp is clusters of lymphocytes. Red pulp is a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood.
What would happen if spleen was ruptured?
Patient would have extremely low blood pressure and internal bleeding would present.
What is the primary organ of the lymphatic system?
Thymus
What happens to the thymus as we get older?
Turns to adipose tissue
Where is the thymus gland located?
The mediastinum
What purpose does the thymus have in youth?
T-cells mature and differentiate here.
What hormones does the thymus produce?
Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin, thymocyte humoral factor.
What establishes the lymph pressure gradient?
Process of inspiration.
What increases the flow of lymph?
Skeletal muscle contraction
What is the location of the spleen?
Behind the fundus of the stomach and just above the left kidney.
What are the functions of the spleen?
Defense, tissue repair, hematopoietic, red blood cell and platelet destruction, blood reservoir.
What does the spleen consist of?
Red and white pulp. White pulp is clusters of lymphocytes. Red pulp is a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood.
What would happen if spleen was ruptured?
Patient would have extremely low blood pressure and internal bleeding would present.
What is the primary organ of the lymphatic system?
Thymus
What happens to the thymus as we get older?
Turns to adipose tissue
Where is the thymus gland located?
The mediastinum
What purpose does the thymus have in youth?
T-cells mature and differentiate here.
What hormones does the thymus produce?
Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin, thymocyte humoral factor.
What establishes the lymph pressure gradient?
Process of inspiration.
What increases the flow of lymph?
Skeletal muscle contraction
What is the location of the spleen?
Behind the fundus of the stomach and just above the left kidney.
What are the functions of the spleen?
Defense, tissue repair, hematopoietic, red blood cell and platelet destruction, blood reservoir.
What does the spleen consist of?
Red and white pulp. White pulp is clusters of lymphocytes. Red pulp is a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood.
What would happen if spleen was ruptured?
Patient would have extremely low blood pressure and internal bleeding would present.
What is the primary organ of the lymphatic system?
Thymus
What happens to the thymus as we get older?
Turns to adipose tissue
Where is the thymus gland located?
The mediastinum
What purpose does the thymus have in youth?
T-cells mature and differentiate here.
What hormones does the thymus produce?
Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin, thymocyte humoral factor.
What establishes the lymph pressure gradient?
Process of inspiration.
What increases the flow of lymph?
Skeletal muscle contraction
What is the location of the spleen?
Behind the fundus of the stomach and just above the left kidney.
What are the functions of the spleen?
Defense, tissue repair, hematopoietic, red blood cell and platelet destruction, blood reservoir.
What does the spleen consist of?
Red and white pulp. White pulp is clusters of lymphocytes. Red pulp is a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood.
What would happen if spleen was ruptured?
Patient would have extremely low blood pressure and internal bleeding would present.
What is the primary organ of the lymphatic system?
Thymus
What happens to the thymus as we get older?
Turns to adipose tissue
Where is the thymus gland located?
The mediastinum
What purpose does the thymus have in youth?
T-cells mature and differentiate here.
What hormones does the thymus produce?
Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin, thymocyte humoral factor.
What line of defenses are non-specific immunity?
First and Second line of defenses
What does the first line of defense include?
Mechanical and chemical barriers
What are the inflammation mediators?
Histamine, kin is, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, interleukins, and related compounds
What are chemotactic factors?
Substances that attract white blood cells to area of injury in a process called chemotaxis
What is the most numerous type of phagocyte?
Neutrophil
What is non-specific immunity?
Innate: in place before a person is exposed to a particular harmful particle or condition.
What is specific immunity?
Adaptive: part of the third line of defense consisting of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells.
Targets only specific harmful particles
What are the major types of interferon?
Leukocytes, immune, fibroblast
What is phagocytosis?
Ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles
What can phagocytes be?
Macrophages, B cells, or dendritic cells
What type of defense is phagocytosis?
Innate defense but also plays a role in adaptive immunity
What does interferon inhibit?
Spread of viruses
What type of cells are involved in non-specific immunity?
Epithelial barrier cells, phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages), and natural killer cells
What chemicals are used as a chemical barrier to pathogens?
Lysosomes, hydrochloric acid in stomach, sebum, mucus, enzymes
What are the characteristics of inflammation?
Redness, swelling, heat and pain
What is fever?
A manifestation of body-wide response
What do we call the ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells?
Self-tolerance
Adaptive immunity is also called what?
Specific immunity
B cell mechanisms are classified as what?
Antibody mediated immunity
Macromolecules induce the immune system to make certain responses called what?
Antigens
What are memory T cells?
They stay in the bone marrow until needed later to produce more effector T cells and and memory T cells
What are effector T cells?
Go to the site where the antigen entered, bond to antigens, and begin their attack
Antibody that naive b bells synthesize and insert into their own plasma membranes and predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen:
IgM
Makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood and predominant antibody of the secondary antibody response:
IgG
Major class of anitbody in the mucous membranes, saliva, and tears:
IgA
Small amount and produces harmful effects such as allergies:
IgE
Small amount in blood and precise function unknown
IgD
What do we call a DNA molecule?
DNA
What is the principle of independent assortment?
Two members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate, and the maternal and paternal chromosomes get mixed up and redistributed independently.
What is the process of genes from one location crossing to the same location on a matching chromosome?
Crossing over
What are the characteristics of albinism?
Recessive trait; produces abnormalities only in those with 2 recessive genes
The genotype of XX would be:
Female
The genotype of XY would be:
Male
How is hair color determined?
By the various amounts of melanin deposited in the cells: eumelanin in the cortex can produce many shades of blonde and brunette hair, phenomena in gives reddish tint, and white hair has no pigment
What does the sickle cell trait do?
Protects against malaria
What are the characteristics of Klinefelter’s?
XXY; long legs, enlarged breasts, low intelligence, small testes, sterility, and chronic pulmonary disease; raised as males
What are the characteristics of Turner’s?
XXO; occurs in females with a single X chromosome. Characterized by failure of ovaries and other organs to mature, sterility, cardiovascular defects, dwarfism, webbed neck, and learning disorders; raised as female
What are the characteristics of Down syndrome?
Trisomy 21; triplet of chromosome 21 rather than a pair; characterized by mental retardation and multiple defects
What are the characteristics of color blindness?
Recessive X-linked genes, almost always male
A female can inherit an X-linked recessive trait if her father is what?
A carrier
