Final Flashcards
The sac-like structure around heart is:
Pericardium
Which of the following is another name for he visceral layer of the pericardium?
Epicardium
The thickest layer of tissue in the heart wall is the:
Myocardium
The muscular layer of the heart wall is the:
Myocardium
The internal layer of tissue in the heart is the:
Endocardium
The right atrioventricular valve is also known as the:
Tricuspid
Which of the following is not an atrioventricular valve?
Aortic
The cavity of the heart that has the thickest wall is the:
Left ventricle
The valve that guards the left atrioventricular orfice is called the _________ valve.
Mitral/Bicuspid
Which of the following is a semilunar valve?
Aortic
All of the following are true statements except:
Both atrium receive their blood supply from branches of the right and left coronary arteries
The structure referred to as the pacemaker of the heart is:
SA Node
The structural components of the circulatory system include the:
Heart and Blood Vessels
After birth, the ductus venosus closes and:
Allows blood flow to the liver
Christopher, the 2-month-old infant, has a bluish tint to his skin. Upon listening the the infant’s chest, the physician became concerned about a leakage of blood between the right and left atria. What might have caused this problem and what is the treatment?
The foramen ovale may not be closed, causing back flow of blood into the lungs. The physician will reexamine frequently because it could take 9 months to heal.
How would relocating a vein for the purpose of bypassing a partial blockage in the coronary arteries support a better functioning heart?
It would construct detours around blocked coronary arteries and return oxygen-rich blood flow to the coronary arteries.
Which of the following vessels do not have the ability to constrict and dilate?
Capillaries
Both the tunica media and tunica adventitia are absent in:
Capillaries
The tissue layers of blood vessels from exterior to interior are:
Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima
Smooth muscle in blood vessels is located in the tunica:
Media
Which of the following act as blood reservoirs?
Veins
The large veins of the cranial cavity formed by the dura mater, are not usually called veins but are instead called:
Sinuses
In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosis and foramen ovale:
Bypass the lungs
After birth, the umbilical vessels remaining in infant’s body:
Become fibrous cords that remain throughout life
The order of blood flow through vessels is:
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
Which of the following vessels carries blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
When trying to stop arteriole bleeding by applying pressure, why is it necessary to apply pressure between the bleeding part and the heart?
Blood flowing from the heart through arteries to injured part pressure placed heart and bleeding point, cuts off blood flow to that point.
All of the following increases heart rate except:
Stimulation of cold receptors of the skin
What is not true of varoreceptors?
Sensitive to changes in oxygen content of blood
What factors increase heart rate?
Anxiety and fear
Peripheral existence is affected primarily by:
Blood viscosity and diameter of arterioles
Vagus acts as a:
Brake
What is not true of cardiac output?
Calculated by dividing stroke volume by heart rate
The primary fluid flow principle of circulation is based on all of the following except a fluid:
Fluid flows only when a pressure gradient is absent
An increase in heart rate tends to increase:
Cardiac output, arteriole blood volume, and blood pressure
Cardiac output is determined by:
Stroke volume and heart rate
The fick formula is used to determine:
Cardiac output
Which is true of local control of arterioles?
Local vasodilation is also referred as hyperemia
Which is not an accessory organ of the female reproduction system?
Ovaries
Tubes connecting ovaries to the uterus are called:
Uterine tubes, Ovi ducts, and Fallopian tubes
The fundus of the uterus is:
Area above where Fallopian tubes enter
Layer of the uterus from which tissue is sloughed during menstruation is:
Endometrium
The layer of the uterus that is incomplete because it covers none of the cervix and only part of the body is:
The parietal peritineum
What is the not a division of the uterine tubes?
Fundus
What is the process of egg formation?
Oogenesis
The uterus is suspended between two folds of parietal peritineum that form a partition across the pelvic cavity. These are _______ ligaments.
Broad
Which of the following uterine ligaments form a deep pouch known as posterior cauldasac of Douglas?
Posterior
Region between vaginal orfice and anus is:
Perineum
Which of the following is not true concerning the uterus?
Produces estrogen
What is the external genital of the female reproductive system?
Vulva
The main difference between the composition of lymph and interstitial fluid and the composition of plasma is the ______ percent of ________ in lymph and interstitial fluid.
Lower, proteins
Which of the following is true?
Lymph from the entire body, except the lymph from the upper right quadrant, drains eventually into the thoracic duct.
Lymph capillaries, called lacteals, are located in the:
Small intestine
Lymphatics resemble veins except that lymphatics:
Thinner walls, more valves, contain lymph nodes (all of the above)
All of the following are functions of the lymphatic system except:
Filtering metabolic wastes
Which of the following is not a lymph organ?
Brain
The thymus undergoes involution during:
Old age, as we age
Lymph ducts empty into the circulatory system, draining into the:
Subclavian veins
The percentage of the total proteins that leak out of the capillaries into the tissue fluid on a daily basis is:
50%
The lymph pressure gradient is established by?
Breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions
If lymphatic return is blocked:
Blood protein concentration falls below normal, blood osmotic pressure falls below normal, and fluid imbalance and death will occur (all of the above)
What structure drains lymph form about 3/4ths of the body into the subclavian duct?
Thoracic duct
The tonsils found at the base of the eustacian tubes are called:
Tubal tonsils
How are lymphatic capillaries related to the function of the lymphatic system?
The high degree of permeability of the lymphatic capillary wall permits very large molecules and even particular matter which cannot be absorbed into the blood capillary to be removed from the interstitial space.
All of the following represent examples of nonspecific immunity except:
Cell-mediated
The body’s first line of defense is the:
Skin and mucous membranes
Inflammation mediators include:
Histamine, kinins,and prostaglandins
The most numerous type of phagocyte is the :
Neutrophils
The type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as not self is called:
Non-specific immunity
All of the following are major types of interferons except _________ interferons.
Cartilage
Which of the following does not describe phagocytosis
A major component of the body’s third line of defense
Interferon inhibits the spread of:
Viruses
Which type of cell is not involved in non-specific immunity?
Lymphocytes
Which of the following is not a chemical used as a chemical barrier to pathogens?
Compliment
Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation?
All are characteristics (heat, swelling, redness)
Two-year-old Jenny is undergoing treatment for leukemia and was exposed recently to chickenpox. Her oncologist decided to give her a dose of interferon. What effect was the physician hoping for with this approach?
Would inhibit the spread of chickenpox
B cell mechanisms are classified as _______ immunity.
Antibody mediated
Michael, a 43-year-old man, was in a serious car accident. He has a rigid and tender left hypochondrium region. His blood pressure is dropping and he is in pain. What organ might be involved in this injury?
Spleen
Memory cells:
Become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen
An immunoglobunin or an antibody molecule consists of _________ heavy and _______ light polypeptide chains.
Two; two
The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is :
IgG
The antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen is:
IgM
The antibody commonly found in tears and saliva is:
IgA
The function of which antibody is basically unknown:
IgD
The antibody associated with allergic reaction is:
IgE
The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body is:
IgA
Chris has very bad allergies, especially in the spring time, and is seeking help to overcome his allergic reactions. Why would an antihistamine help Chris be more comfortable?
It would reduce the antigen-antibody reactions caused by the allergen.
Steven had the mumps as a child, why did he not experience symptoms at the age of 41 after he was again exposed to the mumps virus
He developed active immunity as the result of having mumps as a child.
Each DNA molecule may be called a:
Chromatin strand and chromosome
Which of the following is not true
A zygote has a haploid number of chromosomes
The principle of independent assortment:
All of the above
Crossing over is the process of:
During which pairs of matching chromosomes line up along the equator the cell and exchange genes with one another.
If A stands for the dominant gene that prevents albinism, and a stands for the recessive albinism trait, then an inidividual with the genotype aa will express:
Albinism and will be a carrier
An individual possessing the sex chromosome combination XY is genetically:
A male
Assume that A1 is the gene for light hair and that A2 is the gene for dark hair. Also assume that these genes represent codominance. Then the heterozygous genotype A1A2 will exhibit the phenotype of:
Hair color somewhere between light and dark.
The sickle-cell/malaria relationship demonstrates the concept in medical genetics that disease genes:
Often provide some biological advantage for a human population in certain circumstances
If an individual has only an X chromosome (XO), then that person is genetically:
Female
Red-green color blindness shows x-linked recessive inheritance. Assume X is normal, X1 is recessive for the trait, and Y is normal. Then an individual with th genotype XX1 will be a :
Normal female and a carrier
A female can inherit an x-linked recessive trait if her father:
Exhibits the trait and her mother is homozygous for the trait
Which of the following does not distribute air?
Alveolus
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system
Distributes oxygen to cells
Which of the following is true of the cribiform plate
It separates the nasal and cranial cavities
The small openings in the cribiform plate function to:
Also branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain.
The external opening to the nasal cavities can be referred to as:
Nostrils, anterior nares, external nares (all of the above)
The upper respiratory tract includes all of the following structures except the:
Trachea
The hollow nasal cavity is separated by the midline partition called the:
Septum
Which of the following lists the correct sequence of air as it passes through the nose into the pharynx?
Anterior nares vestibule inferior, middle, and superior meats posterior nares
The largest of the paranasal sinuses is the:
Maxillary
The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with the mucous membrane made up of ___________ epithelium.
Pseudostratified columnar
Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system?
Control of cell metabolism rate
Standard atmospheric pressure is ____ mmHg.
760
Boyles law states that the coupe of gas varies ______ with pressure at a ________ temperature.
Inversely; constant
Which muscles are used for forced expiration?
Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal
When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure:
Expiration occurs
The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the:
Inspiration reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory volume
The diving reflex:
Is responsible for the astonishing recovery of near-drowning victims in cold water
During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes:
A decrease in alveolar pressure
Vital capacity is defined as the:
Max volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forces respiration
Dalton’s law is also known as:
The law of partial pressure
Which of the following does not occur during inspiration?
The diaphragm relaxes
If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood). This is because:
Lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less
A young adult male would have a vital capacity of about ____ ml.
4800
Which of the following is not an area of the lungs?
Superior fissure
Aspirate objects tend to lodge in the:
Right bronchus
Eupnea is a term used to describe:
Normal breathing
The walls of the GI tract are composed of ___ layers of tissue.
4
All of the following are classified as accessory organs of the digestive system except the:
Mouth
Which of the following organs has a mucosa layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium that resists abrasion?
Esophagus
The flap of tissue suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the soft palate is the:
Uvula
The type of cell designed for absorption and secretion ground throughout much of the GI tract is ______ epithelium.
Simple columnar
The hard palate consists of portions of:
4 bones; 2 maxillae, 2 palatines
An incision into the wall of the GI tract would cut, in order, from superficial to deep:
Serosa, muscularis,submucosa, and mucosa
Which of the following organs has a mucosal layer that is composed of columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli to enhance absorption?
Small intestine
The more common term for deglutition is:
Swallowing
The act of swallowing moves a mass of food called a ____ from the stomach.
Bolus
Approximately how much saliva do three pairs of compound tubuloalveolar glands secrete each day?
1 liter
The numerous small elevations on the surface of the tongue that support taste buds are called:
Papillae
Which of the following papillae of the tongue lack taste buds
Filiform
Which explains the relationship between the gas pressure gradient of the atmosphere and the alveolar air that allows inhalation?
When atmospheric pressure is less than the pressure within the lung, air flows down this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
Which of the following would you expect to happen to cellular respiration during exercise?
Increased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a rise in plasma PCO2, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause an increase in respiration rate.
Why would a collapsed lung, due to pneumothorax, also collapse the left lung?
The mediastinum is a mobile rather than a rigid partition between the two pleural sacs, thereby allowing the increased pressure in the side of the chest that is open to push the heart and other mediastinal structures toward the intact side, where they can exert pressure on the left lung.
Which of the following is not a function of the stomach?
It begins the absorption of proteins
Which of the following controls the opening of the stomach into the small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
Another name for the third molar is:
Wisdom teeth
A general term for infection of the gums is?
Gingivitis
Heartburn is often caused by acid reflux of?
Smoking, obesity, spicy foods (all of the above)
Which of the following is not a division of the stomach?
Rugae
Which of the following is not a function of the stomach?
Begins deglutition
The atomic units of the liver is called:
Lobules
Blood flows through hepatic lobules via branches of the:
Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
Bile salts aids in the aborptions of :
Fats
Within the sinusoids of the liver are many cells that remove bacteria worn red blood cells, and other products from the bloodstream. These cells are known as:
Stellate microphones
Which one is not part of the small intestine?
Cecum
The union of the cystic duct and the _____ forms the common bile duct.
Hepatic duct
Each vitus in the intestine contain a lymphatic vessel or ___ that serves to absorb lipid or fat material from the chime.
Lacteal
Cholelithiasis is a term used to describe:
Gall stones
The largest gland in the body is the:
Liver
Which of the following describes the pharyngeal stage of deglutition
Oropharynx to esophagus
Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control?
Oral
The final product of carb digestion is a :
Monosaccharide
Theenzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins are :
Proteases
A micelle is:
A tiny sphere of lipid and water
Which of the following is not true concerning the gastric emptying of water?
Warm fluids empty more quickly than cool fluids
The process of fat emulsification consists of:
Breaking down fats into small droplets
The principle enzyme of saliva is:
Amylase
Which of the following is true?
Pepsinogen is converted into pepsin by hydrochloric acid
Which of the following is present in bile?
Lecithin and gastric
The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is:
Cholecystokinin
during the process of digestion, stored bile is poured into the duodenum by which of the following?
Gallbladder
The portion of the alimentary canal that mixes food with gastric juice and breaks it down into a mixture called chyme is the :
Stomach
Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed to disaccharides by enzymes known as:
Amylase
Which of the following is not a stage of deglutition?
Gastric
Protein digestion begins in the:
Stomach
The enzyme pepsin is concerned primarily with the digestion of which of the following?
Proteins
The enzyme amylase converts which of the following?
Starches to sugars
Which of the following substances does not contain any enzymes?
Bile
Which of the following is a simple sugar?
Glucose
Fats are broken down into:
Fatty acids
Whichhormone decreases peristalsis and slows the passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum?
GIP
The union of the cystic duct and hepatic duct form the:
Common bile duct
The process of swallowing is known as :
Deglutition
Peristalsis begins in the :
Esophagus
The correct order of small intestine division starting proximal to the stomach, is:
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Beginning with the largest structures, which of the following is a correct description of the small intestine’s adaptation for absorption?
Plicae, villi, microvilli
The terminal inch of the rectum is called the:
Anal canal
The lesser omentum attaches the:
Liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
