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Anatomy & Physiology II > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The sac-like structure around heart is:

A

Pericardium

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2
Q

Which of the following is another name for he visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

Epicardium

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3
Q

The thickest layer of tissue in the heart wall is the:

A

Myocardium

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4
Q

The muscular layer of the heart wall is the:

A

Myocardium

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5
Q

The internal layer of tissue in the heart is the:

A

Endocardium

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6
Q

The right atrioventricular valve is also known as the:

A

Tricuspid

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7
Q

Which of the following is not an atrioventricular valve?

A

Aortic

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8
Q

The cavity of the heart that has the thickest wall is the:

A

Left ventricle

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9
Q

The valve that guards the left atrioventricular orfice is called the _________ valve.

A

Mitral/Bicuspid

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10
Q

Which of the following is a semilunar valve?

A

Aortic

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11
Q

All of the following are true statements except:

A

Both atrium receive their blood supply from branches of the right and left coronary arteries

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12
Q

The structure referred to as the pacemaker of the heart is:

A

SA Node

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13
Q

The structural components of the circulatory system include the:

A

Heart and Blood Vessels

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14
Q

After birth, the ductus venosus closes and:

A

Allows blood flow to the liver

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15
Q

Christopher, the 2-month-old infant, has a bluish tint to his skin. Upon listening the the infant’s chest, the physician became concerned about a leakage of blood between the right and left atria. What might have caused this problem and what is the treatment?

A

The foramen ovale may not be closed, causing back flow of blood into the lungs. The physician will reexamine frequently because it could take 9 months to heal.

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16
Q

How would relocating a vein for the purpose of bypassing a partial blockage in the coronary arteries support a better functioning heart?

A

It would construct detours around blocked coronary arteries and return oxygen-rich blood flow to the coronary arteries.

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17
Q

Which of the following vessels do not have the ability to constrict and dilate?

A

Capillaries

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18
Q

Both the tunica media and tunica adventitia are absent in:

A

Capillaries

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19
Q

The tissue layers of blood vessels from exterior to interior are:

A

Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima

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20
Q

Smooth muscle in blood vessels is located in the tunica:

A

Media

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21
Q

Which of the following act as blood reservoirs?

A

Veins

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22
Q

The large veins of the cranial cavity formed by the dura mater, are not usually called veins but are instead called:

A

Sinuses

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23
Q

In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosis and foramen ovale:

A

Bypass the lungs

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24
Q

After birth, the umbilical vessels remaining in infant’s body:

A

Become fibrous cords that remain throughout life

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25
Q

The order of blood flow through vessels is:

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

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26
Q

Which of the following vessels carries blood from the lungs to the heart?

A

Pulmonary veins

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27
Q

When trying to stop arteriole bleeding by applying pressure, why is it necessary to apply pressure between the bleeding part and the heart?

A

Blood flowing from the heart through arteries to injured part pressure placed heart and bleeding point, cuts off blood flow to that point.

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28
Q

All of the following increases heart rate except:

A

Stimulation of cold receptors of the skin

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29
Q

What is not true of varoreceptors?

A

Sensitive to changes in oxygen content of blood

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30
Q

What factors increase heart rate?

A

Anxiety and fear

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31
Q

Peripheral existence is affected primarily by:

A

Blood viscosity and diameter of arterioles

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32
Q

Vagus acts as a:

A

Brake

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33
Q

What is not true of cardiac output?

A

Calculated by dividing stroke volume by heart rate

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34
Q

The primary fluid flow principle of circulation is based on all of the following except a fluid:

A

Fluid flows only when a pressure gradient is absent

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35
Q

An increase in heart rate tends to increase:

A

Cardiac output, arteriole blood volume, and blood pressure

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36
Q

Cardiac output is determined by:

A

Stroke volume and heart rate

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37
Q

The fick formula is used to determine:

A

Cardiac output

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38
Q

Which is true of local control of arterioles?

A

Local vasodilation is also referred as hyperemia

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39
Q

Which is not an accessory organ of the female reproduction system?

A

Ovaries

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40
Q

Tubes connecting ovaries to the uterus are called:

A

Uterine tubes, Ovi ducts, and Fallopian tubes

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41
Q

The fundus of the uterus is:

A

Area above where Fallopian tubes enter

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42
Q

Layer of the uterus from which tissue is sloughed during menstruation is:

A

Endometrium

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43
Q

The layer of the uterus that is incomplete because it covers none of the cervix and only part of the body is:

A

The parietal peritineum

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44
Q

What is the not a division of the uterine tubes?

A

Fundus

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45
Q

What is the process of egg formation?

A

Oogenesis

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46
Q

The uterus is suspended between two folds of parietal peritineum that form a partition across the pelvic cavity. These are _______ ligaments.

A

Broad

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47
Q

Which of the following uterine ligaments form a deep pouch known as posterior cauldasac of Douglas?

A

Posterior

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48
Q

Region between vaginal orfice and anus is:

A

Perineum

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49
Q

Which of the following is not true concerning the uterus?

A

Produces estrogen

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50
Q

What is the external genital of the female reproductive system?

A

Vulva

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51
Q

The main difference between the composition of lymph and interstitial fluid and the composition of plasma is the ______ percent of ________ in lymph and interstitial fluid.

A

Lower, proteins

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52
Q

Which of the following is true?

A

Lymph from the entire body, except the lymph from the upper right quadrant, drains eventually into the thoracic duct.

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53
Q

Lymph capillaries, called lacteals, are located in the:

A

Small intestine

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54
Q

Lymphatics resemble veins except that lymphatics:

A

Thinner walls, more valves, contain lymph nodes (all of the above)

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55
Q

All of the following are functions of the lymphatic system except:

A

Filtering metabolic wastes

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56
Q

Which of the following is not a lymph organ?

A

Brain

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57
Q

The thymus undergoes involution during:

A

Old age, as we age

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58
Q

Lymph ducts empty into the circulatory system, draining into the:

A

Subclavian veins

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59
Q

The percentage of the total proteins that leak out of the capillaries into the tissue fluid on a daily basis is:

A

50%

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60
Q

The lymph pressure gradient is established by?

A

Breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions

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61
Q

If lymphatic return is blocked:

A

Blood protein concentration falls below normal, blood osmotic pressure falls below normal, and fluid imbalance and death will occur (all of the above)

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62
Q

What structure drains lymph form about 3/4ths of the body into the subclavian duct?

A

Thoracic duct

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63
Q

The tonsils found at the base of the eustacian tubes are called:

A

Tubal tonsils

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64
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries related to the function of the lymphatic system?

A

The high degree of permeability of the lymphatic capillary wall permits very large molecules and even particular matter which cannot be absorbed into the blood capillary to be removed from the interstitial space.

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65
Q

All of the following represent examples of nonspecific immunity except:

A

Cell-mediated

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66
Q

The body’s first line of defense is the:

A

Skin and mucous membranes

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67
Q

Inflammation mediators include:

A

Histamine, kinins,and prostaglandins

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68
Q

The most numerous type of phagocyte is the :

A

Neutrophils

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69
Q

The type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as not self is called:

A

Non-specific immunity

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70
Q

All of the following are major types of interferons except _________ interferons.

A

Cartilage

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71
Q

Which of the following does not describe phagocytosis

A

A major component of the body’s third line of defense

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72
Q

Interferon inhibits the spread of:

A

Viruses

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73
Q

Which type of cell is not involved in non-specific immunity?

A

Lymphocytes

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74
Q

Which of the following is not a chemical used as a chemical barrier to pathogens?

A

Compliment

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75
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation?

A

All are characteristics (heat, swelling, redness)

76
Q

Two-year-old Jenny is undergoing treatment for leukemia and was exposed recently to chickenpox. Her oncologist decided to give her a dose of interferon. What effect was the physician hoping for with this approach?

A

Would inhibit the spread of chickenpox

77
Q

B cell mechanisms are classified as _______ immunity.

A

Antibody mediated

78
Q

Michael, a 43-year-old man, was in a serious car accident. He has a rigid and tender left hypochondrium region. His blood pressure is dropping and he is in pain. What organ might be involved in this injury?

A

Spleen

79
Q

Memory cells:

A

Become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen

80
Q

An immunoglobunin or an antibody molecule consists of _________ heavy and _______ light polypeptide chains.

A

Two; two

81
Q

The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is :

A

IgG

82
Q

The antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen is:

A

IgM

83
Q

The antibody commonly found in tears and saliva is:

A

IgA

84
Q

The function of which antibody is basically unknown:

A

IgD

85
Q

The antibody associated with allergic reaction is:

A

IgE

86
Q

The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body is:

A

IgA

87
Q

Chris has very bad allergies, especially in the spring time, and is seeking help to overcome his allergic reactions. Why would an antihistamine help Chris be more comfortable?

A

It would reduce the antigen-antibody reactions caused by the allergen.

88
Q

Steven had the mumps as a child, why did he not experience symptoms at the age of 41 after he was again exposed to the mumps virus

A

He developed active immunity as the result of having mumps as a child.

89
Q

Each DNA molecule may be called a:

A

Chromatin strand and chromosome

90
Q

Which of the following is not true

A

A zygote has a haploid number of chromosomes

91
Q

The principle of independent assortment:

A

All of the above

92
Q

Crossing over is the process of:

A

During which pairs of matching chromosomes line up along the equator the cell and exchange genes with one another.

93
Q

If A stands for the dominant gene that prevents albinism, and a stands for the recessive albinism trait, then an inidividual with the genotype aa will express:

A

Albinism and will be a carrier

94
Q

An individual possessing the sex chromosome combination XY is genetically:

A

A male

95
Q

Assume that A1 is the gene for light hair and that A2 is the gene for dark hair. Also assume that these genes represent codominance. Then the heterozygous genotype A1A2 will exhibit the phenotype of:

A

Hair color somewhere between light and dark.

96
Q

The sickle-cell/malaria relationship demonstrates the concept in medical genetics that disease genes:

A

Often provide some biological advantage for a human population in certain circumstances

97
Q

If an individual has only an X chromosome (XO), then that person is genetically:

A

Female

98
Q

Red-green color blindness shows x-linked recessive inheritance. Assume X is normal, X1 is recessive for the trait, and Y is normal. Then an individual with th genotype XX1 will be a :

A

Normal female and a carrier

99
Q

A female can inherit an x-linked recessive trait if her father:

A

Exhibits the trait and her mother is homozygous for the trait

100
Q

Which of the following does not distribute air?

A

Alveolus

101
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system

A

Distributes oxygen to cells

102
Q

Which of the following is true of the cribiform plate

A

It separates the nasal and cranial cavities

103
Q

The small openings in the cribiform plate function to:

A

Also branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain.

104
Q

The external opening to the nasal cavities can be referred to as:

A

Nostrils, anterior nares, external nares (all of the above)

105
Q

The upper respiratory tract includes all of the following structures except the:

A

Trachea

106
Q

The hollow nasal cavity is separated by the midline partition called the:

A

Septum

107
Q

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of air as it passes through the nose into the pharynx?

A

Anterior nares vestibule inferior, middle, and superior meats posterior nares

108
Q

The largest of the paranasal sinuses is the:

A

Maxillary

109
Q

The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with the mucous membrane made up of ___________ epithelium.

A

Pseudostratified columnar

110
Q

Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system?

A

Control of cell metabolism rate

111
Q

Standard atmospheric pressure is ____ mmHg.

A

760

112
Q

Boyles law states that the coupe of gas varies ______ with pressure at a ________ temperature.

A

Inversely; constant

113
Q

Which muscles are used for forced expiration?

A

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal

114
Q

When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure:

A

Expiration occurs

115
Q

The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the:

A

Inspiration reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory volume

116
Q

The diving reflex:

A

Is responsible for the astonishing recovery of near-drowning victims in cold water

117
Q

During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes:

A

A decrease in alveolar pressure

118
Q

Vital capacity is defined as the:

A

Max volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forces respiration

119
Q

Dalton’s law is also known as:

A

The law of partial pressure

120
Q

Which of the following does not occur during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm relaxes

121
Q

If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood). This is because:

A

Lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less

122
Q

A young adult male would have a vital capacity of about ____ ml.

A

4800

123
Q

Which of the following is not an area of the lungs?

A

Superior fissure

124
Q

Aspirate objects tend to lodge in the:

A

Right bronchus

125
Q

Eupnea is a term used to describe:

A

Normal breathing

126
Q

The walls of the GI tract are composed of ___ layers of tissue.

A

4

127
Q

All of the following are classified as accessory organs of the digestive system except the:

A

Mouth

128
Q

Which of the following organs has a mucosa layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium that resists abrasion?

A

Esophagus

129
Q

The flap of tissue suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the soft palate is the:

A

Uvula

130
Q

The type of cell designed for absorption and secretion ground throughout much of the GI tract is ______ epithelium.

A

Simple columnar

131
Q

The hard palate consists of portions of:

A

4 bones; 2 maxillae, 2 palatines

132
Q

An incision into the wall of the GI tract would cut, in order, from superficial to deep:

A

Serosa, muscularis,submucosa, and mucosa

133
Q

Which of the following organs has a mucosal layer that is composed of columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli to enhance absorption?

A

Small intestine

134
Q

The more common term for deglutition is:

A

Swallowing

135
Q

The act of swallowing moves a mass of food called a ____ from the stomach.

A

Bolus

136
Q

Approximately how much saliva do three pairs of compound tubuloalveolar glands secrete each day?

A

1 liter

137
Q

The numerous small elevations on the surface of the tongue that support taste buds are called:

A

Papillae

138
Q

Which of the following papillae of the tongue lack taste buds

A

Filiform

139
Q

Which explains the relationship between the gas pressure gradient of the atmosphere and the alveolar air that allows inhalation?

A

When atmospheric pressure is less than the pressure within the lung, air flows down this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.

140
Q

Which of the following would you expect to happen to cellular respiration during exercise?

A

Increased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a rise in plasma PCO2, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause an increase in respiration rate.

141
Q

Why would a collapsed lung, due to pneumothorax, also collapse the left lung?

A

The mediastinum is a mobile rather than a rigid partition between the two pleural sacs, thereby allowing the increased pressure in the side of the chest that is open to push the heart and other mediastinal structures toward the intact side, where they can exert pressure on the left lung.

142
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the stomach?

A

It begins the absorption of proteins

143
Q

Which of the following controls the opening of the stomach into the small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

144
Q

Another name for the third molar is:

A

Wisdom teeth

145
Q

A general term for infection of the gums is?

A

Gingivitis

146
Q

Heartburn is often caused by acid reflux of?

A

Smoking, obesity, spicy foods (all of the above)

147
Q

Which of the following is not a division of the stomach?

A

Rugae

148
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the stomach?

A

Begins deglutition

149
Q

The atomic units of the liver is called:

A

Lobules

150
Q

Blood flows through hepatic lobules via branches of the:

A

Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

151
Q

Bile salts aids in the aborptions of :

A

Fats

152
Q

Within the sinusoids of the liver are many cells that remove bacteria worn red blood cells, and other products from the bloodstream. These cells are known as:

A

Stellate microphones

153
Q

Which one is not part of the small intestine?

A

Cecum

154
Q

The union of the cystic duct and the _____ forms the common bile duct.

A

Hepatic duct

155
Q

Each vitus in the intestine contain a lymphatic vessel or ___ that serves to absorb lipid or fat material from the chime.

A

Lacteal

156
Q

Cholelithiasis is a term used to describe:

A

Gall stones

157
Q

The largest gland in the body is the:

A

Liver

158
Q

Which of the following describes the pharyngeal stage of deglutition

A

Oropharynx to esophagus

159
Q

Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control?

A

Oral

160
Q

The final product of carb digestion is a :

A

Monosaccharide

161
Q

Theenzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins are :

A

Proteases

162
Q

A micelle is:

A

A tiny sphere of lipid and water

163
Q

Which of the following is not true concerning the gastric emptying of water?

A

Warm fluids empty more quickly than cool fluids

164
Q

The process of fat emulsification consists of:

A

Breaking down fats into small droplets

165
Q

The principle enzyme of saliva is:

A

Amylase

166
Q

Which of the following is true?

A

Pepsinogen is converted into pepsin by hydrochloric acid

167
Q

Which of the following is present in bile?

A

Lecithin and gastric

168
Q

The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is:

A

Cholecystokinin

169
Q

during the process of digestion, stored bile is poured into the duodenum by which of the following?

A

Gallbladder

170
Q

The portion of the alimentary canal that mixes food with gastric juice and breaks it down into a mixture called chyme is the :

A

Stomach

171
Q

Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed to disaccharides by enzymes known as:

A

Amylase

172
Q

Which of the following is not a stage of deglutition?

A

Gastric

173
Q

Protein digestion begins in the:

A

Stomach

174
Q

The enzyme pepsin is concerned primarily with the digestion of which of the following?

A

Proteins

175
Q

The enzyme amylase converts which of the following?

A

Starches to sugars

176
Q

Which of the following substances does not contain any enzymes?

A

Bile

177
Q

Which of the following is a simple sugar?

A

Glucose

178
Q

Fats are broken down into:

A

Fatty acids

179
Q

Whichhormone decreases peristalsis and slows the passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum?

A

GIP

180
Q

The union of the cystic duct and hepatic duct form the:

A

Common bile duct

181
Q

The process of swallowing is known as :

A

Deglutition

182
Q

Peristalsis begins in the :

A

Esophagus

183
Q

The correct order of small intestine division starting proximal to the stomach, is:

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

184
Q

Beginning with the largest structures, which of the following is a correct description of the small intestine’s adaptation for absorption?

A

Plicae, villi, microvilli

185
Q

The terminal inch of the rectum is called the:

A

Anal canal

186
Q

The lesser omentum attaches the:

A

Liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

Anatomy & Physiology II (9 decks)

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