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Sociology > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

every society regulates the behavior of individuals with the goal of preventing deviance. this process of regulation is called:

A

social control

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2
Q

Reckless and Dinitz claimed that “good boys” have the ability to control deviant impulses. they called their approach what?

A

containment theory

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3
Q

in his strain theory, Merton would use which of the following concepts to describe people, including alcoholics and drug addicts, who “drop out.”

A

retreatism

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4
Q

in his strain theory, Merton would use which of the following concepts to describe the behavior of a radical who rejects cultural goals and means in favor of some alternative system?

A

rebellion

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5
Q

criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect what type of offenses?

A

hate crimes

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6
Q

“social stratification” is a concept that refers to:

A

system by which society ranks and categorizes people in a hierarchy

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7
Q

Sandar lives in a village with a caste system. His social position is mostly the result of:

A

little change on social position and mobility

- he was most likely born into it or married up

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8
Q

the concept of “meritocracy” refers to social stratification:

A

based on personal merit

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9
Q

according to Davis and Moore, inequality promotes productivity by:

A

more rewards to society, more jobs, that require extensive training, education and expense

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10
Q

sociologist William Julius Wilson suggests poverty lies in lack of ___

A

jobs

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11
Q

the 1996 welfare reform in the United States greatly reduced the ____ rolls but did very little to change the ____ rate

A

wealth

population

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12
Q

in which hemisphere are most of the world’s high income nations located?

A

northern hemisphere

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13
Q

what is the income range for people living in middle-income nations

A

3500-15000

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14
Q

the concept “absolute poverty” refers to:

A

life threatening lack of resources, lack of nutrition necessary for health and long term survival

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15
Q

which type of slavery refers to one person owning another?

A

chattel slavery

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16
Q

which types of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts?

A

debt bondage

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17
Q

“neocolonialism” refers to the process by which:

A

economic relationships between rich and poor nations continue colonial patterns of domination

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18
Q

dependency theory claims that poor nations were ______ by rich nations

A

underdeveloped

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19
Q

Immanuel Wallerstein’s term for middle-income countries of the world

A

semi-periphery

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20
Q

the global region that has seen the greatest reduction of poverty is

A

Asia

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21
Q

gender refers to

A

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

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22
Q

the “beauty myth” refers to the idea that

A

society teaches women to measure theirs worth in terms of physical appearance

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23
Q

“pink-collar” work refers to what types of jobs

A

secretary, administrative, service (food, child care, health care)

24
Q

the concept “comparable worth” refers to the idea that:

A

equal pay for equal worth

25
Q

which concept refers to “an invisible, et real barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?

A

glass ceiling

26
Q

Intersection theory focuses on:

A

the interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage

27
Q

Talcott Parsons explained that males tend toward ____ behavior, and females tend to be more _____

A

instrumental

expressive

28
Q

what type of feminism accepts the basic organization of U.S. society, but seeks to give women the same rights and opportunities as men?

A

basic feminism

29
Q

what type of feminism links the social disadvantage of women to the capitalist economic system?

A

socialist feminism

30
Q

what type of feminism seeks to end patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender itself?

A

radical feminism

31
Q

“crime” differs from “deviance” in that crime:

A

crime is a violation of society’s formally enacted criminal law

32
Q

Emile Durkheim’s basic insight is that deviance I what for society?

A

nothing abnormal
encourages social change
responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
brings people together

33
Q

in Robert Merton’s strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes the behavior of low-paid, yet compulsive conforming bank teller?

A

our culture’s emphasis on wealth and lack of opportunities to get rich may encourage people to get involved in deviant acts

34
Q

when friends begin to criticize John as a “boozer,” pushing him out of their social circle, he began to drink even more and became bitter. John ended up joining a new group of friends, all whom are all heavy drinkers. According to Lemert, this situation illustrates which type of deviance?

A

secondary

35
Q

Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory links deviance to:

A

depends on the amount of conflict with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior

36
Q

According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based mostly on what?

A

depends on which categories of people hold

power in society

37
Q

what is the term for crime committed by persons of high social position in the course of doing their jobs?

A

white-collar crime

38
Q

which concept refers to the illegal actions of corporation or people acting on its behalf?

A

corporate crime

39
Q

a hate crime is defined as

A

criminal act against a person, a person’s property, by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

40
Q

criminal statistics gathered by the FBI reflect what types of crime

A

hate crime

41
Q

the concept “structural social mobility” refers to:

A

shift in social position of large numbers of people due more to societal changes than to individual efforts

42
Q

work involving mostly manual labor is called what kind of work?

A

blue collar occupations

43
Q

Max Weber considered an individual’s social position to be a matter of what?

A

simple reflections of economic position and did not treat them as distinct dimensions inequality

44
Q

the wealthiest 5% of U.S. families control about what % of U.S. private property?

A

most of the nations wealth

45
Q

compared to upper class, the middle-class in the U.S. contains what in terms of diversity?

A

far more ethnic and radical diversity than upper-class

46
Q

the anthropologist Oscar Lewis suggested the cause of poverty lies in:

A 
responsible for own poverty 
lower-class can destroy peoples ambition to improve their lives
47
Q

which of the following concepts refers to change in social position during a person’s lifetime?

A

intergenerational social mobility

48
Q

the richest 20% of the global population receives about what share of world income

A

95%

49
Q

one system for classifying the world’s nations places the rich, industrial countries into which of the following categories

A

global stratification

50
Q

the settlements “las colonias,” which are communities containing many extremely poor people, are found where?

A

southern Texas, along the U.S./MX boarder

51
Q

compared to poverty in the U.S., poverty in low-income nations is what?

A

poverty is greater, worse, no medical care..etc

52
Q

modernization theory claims that:

A

model of economic and social development that explains goal inequality in terms of technology and cultural differences between nations

53
Q

what is the form of social organization in which females dominate the males?

A

matriarchy

54
Q

which of the following concepts refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?

A

man expected to be leaders and women expected to be supportive

55
Q

what % of today’s U.S. married women with children under 6 are in the labor force

A

59%

56
Q

what are some reasons why women are seen as a minority in the U.S.

A

weak sex

nurturers

57
Q

intersection theory focuses on:

A

the interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage

Sociology (5 decks)

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