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Sociology > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

As a part of human culture, religion would be an example of what type of culture/

A

non-material culture

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2
Q

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material object that, together, constitute a people’s way of life?

A

material culture

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3
Q

Which of the following statements most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis?

A

people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language

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4
Q

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called?

A

values

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5
Q

High-income nations tend to have cultural values that emphasize

A

culture that value individualism and self expression

“about me”

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6
Q

Which of the statements does NOT correctly describe changes to society brought on by industrialization?

A

tradition becomes a more powerful part of culture (false)

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7
Q

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population are referred to as?

A

popular culture (pop culture)

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8
Q

Multiculturalism is defined as:

A

a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting respect and equal standing for all cultural traditions

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9
Q

The concept “counterculture” refers to:

A

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those wide accepted within society
against mainstream society (Amish)

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10
Q

The concept “cultural integration” alerts us to the fact that:

A

change in one cultural pattern usually link to another change

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11
Q

The concept “ethnocentrism” refers to:

A

practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture
(one group feels superior to the other)

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12
Q

The practice of judging any other culture using its own standards is called:

A

cultural relativism

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13
Q

The theoretical approach that highlights the way any cultural pattern helps meet human needs is the:

A

Structural-Functional Analysis

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14
Q

Which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human being develop their potential and learn culture?

A

socialization

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15
Q

Which of the following concepts refers to a person’s fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

A

personality

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16
Q

Our basic drives, or needs, as humans are reflected in Freud’s concept of:

A

psychoanalytic theory

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17
Q

In Freud’s model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person’s efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives and the demands of society?

A

id

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18
Q

Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individual first use language and other cultural symbols which of the following stages?

A

preoperational stage

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19
Q

George Herbert Mead placed the origin of the self in:

A

social experience

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20
Q

By “taking the role of the other,” Mead had in mind:

A

the process of imagining oneself from someone else’s point of view

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21
Q

When Charles Horton Cooley used the term “looking-glass self,” he was referring to the fact that:

A

3 step process:

  1. reactions of others towards you
  2. understanding how others view you
  3. feelings based on what we understand about what others feel about us
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22
Q

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson’s view of socialization?

A

8 development stages

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23
Q

Sociologists claim the main reason that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion is:

A

cultural inconsistency and defining still being a child, but having an adult body

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24
Q

The “graying of the United States” refers to the process by which:

A

old age bot being valued nowadays

the majority of our population is 65 or older and surviving

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25
Q

Which of the following concepts refers to efforts to radically change someone’s personality through careful control of the environment?

A

total institutions

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26
Q

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is:

A

to radically alter a person’s personality of behavior

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27
Q

Which of the following concepts defines who and what we are in relation to others?

A

status

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28
Q

At a given time, you occupy a number of statuses. Together, these form your:

A

status set

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29
Q

Which of the following concepts refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life?

A

Ascribed Statuses

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30
Q

Being and honors student is a good example of which of the following?

A

Achieved Statuses

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31
Q

Which of the following is most likely to be viewed as a master status?

A
  • occupation (job)
  • minority group (race-Mexican)
  • physical/mental disability (wheelchair)
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32
Q

Sociologist use which of the following concepts to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

A

role

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33
Q

Joan is an excellent artist and enjoys her work, but feels she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing: (role conflict of role strain)

A

role conflict

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34
Q

Assume a plant supervisor wishes to be a good friend and a confidant to the workers, but must remain distant to assess the workers’ performance. Which of the following is involved? (role conflict or role strain)

A

role strain

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35
Q

The Thomas Theorem (a.k.a. “situational analysis” or “definition of the situation”) states that:

A

When people experience all types of emotions and the outcome is opposite of what they thought
ex: job interview

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36
Q

Harold Garfinkel’s research, called “ethnomethodology,” involves:

A

studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attention regain normalcy

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37
Q

According to Erving Goffman, our use of customs, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to others are all elements of a:

A

performance

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38
Q

In terms of dramaturgical analysis, helping another person to “save face,” or avoid embarrassment, is called:

A

social tact

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39
Q

Charles Horton Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships using the concept:

A

primary group

ex: friends, family, BF/GF

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40
Q

A secondary group is a social group that:

A

social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
ex: work group (informal)

41
Q

Which of the following concepts refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being?

A

expressive leadership

42
Q

Which type of group leader supports collective decision-making on an egalitarian basis?

A

Democratic Leadership

43
Q

Which type of leaders tend to downplay their position and power, allowing the group to function more or less on its own?

A

Laissez-Faire Leadership

44
Q

Which of the following statements is consistent with the findings of Solomom Asch?

A

willing to compromise our own judgement to avoid discomfort of being different, even from people we don’t know

45
Q

Stanley Milgram’s research, in which subjects used a “shock generator,” showed that:

A

people are likely to follow the directions not only of legitimate authority figures but also of groups of ordinary individuals, even when it means harming another person

46
Q

Which of the following illustrates the operation of groupthink?

A

group seeks consensus, discouraging members from speaking freely and ends up making a poor policy recommendation

47
Q

Which type of formal organization do people typically join to make money?

A

reference group (internship)

48
Q

The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves—that is, to keep themselves going—is called:

A

Bureaucratic Inertia

49
Q 
Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of McDonaldization?
A. Efficiency
B. Predictability
C. Creativity 
D. Uniformity
E. Control through Automation
A

C. Creativity

50
Q

Sociologist define a symbol as:

A

anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people whos share a culture

51
Q

Cultural transmission refers to the process of:

A

process by which one generation passes culture to the next

52
Q

Wrong-doing such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity is an example of violation cultural:

A

mores (taboos)

53
Q

Compared to an industrial society, a postindustrial society is based on:

A

new information technology

college, office jobs, info based, computers (white collar)

54
Q

A New York Ballet would be an example of which kind of culture (Hint: not everyone has access to such a “high class” event.)

A

High Culture

55
Q

Computer nerds, Husker fans, Colorado Cowboys, the “Beach Crowd” would be examples of what type of culture?

A

Subculture

56
Q

The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called what?

A

cultural transmission

57
Q

A person who criticizes an Amish farmer for being backward for tilling his fields using horses and plows instead of a tractor is exhibiting what?

A

Ethnocentrism

58
Q

The practice of judging any other culture using its own standards is called what?

A

cultural relativism

59
Q

Which theoretical approach asserts that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people?

A

Structural-Functional Theory

60
Q

What are cultural universals?

A

traits that are a part of every known culture

Ex: Religion, holidays, norms, traditions

61
Q

A Marxist analysis of U.S. culture suggest that our competitive and individualistic values reflect:

A

Social Conflict Theory

62
Q

The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the:

A

Feminist Theory

63
Q

Which concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?

A

socialization

64
Q

Which of the following concepts refers to a person’s fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

A

personality

65
Q

Our basic drives, or needs, as humans are reflected in Freud’s concept of:

A

id

66
Q

In Freud’s model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person’s efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives and the demands of society?

A

ego

67
Q

In Freud’s model of personality, what represents the presence of culture (and standards of a society) within the individual?

A

superego

68
Q

According to Piaget, in what stage of human development at which individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?

A

sensor motor stage

69
Q

Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals first use language and other cultural symbol which of the following stages?

A

preoperational stage

70
Q

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg’s research was what?

A

moral reasoning

71
Q

Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg’s research, showing what about morality?

A

That men’s moral development is not more mature than women’s development

72
Q

George Hebert Mead placed the origin of the self in:

A

gaining social experience

73
Q

By “taking the role of the other,” Mead had in mind:

A

process of imagining oneself from someone else’s point of view

74
Q

When Charles Horton Cooley used the term “looking-glass self” he was referring to the fact that:

A

a person’s conception of self arises through reflection about their relationships with others

75
Q

Which concept refers to efforts to radically change someone’s personality through careful control of the environment?

A

total institution

76
Q

What is the term for a social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a lot of personal ability and effort?

A

status

77
Q

Sociologists use which of the following concepts to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

A

role

78
Q

A role set refers to a number of roles:

A

a number of roles attached to a single status

79
Q

Which concept refers to conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses?

A

role conflict

80
Q

Assume a supervisor wishes to be good friends to his/her workers, but must remain distant to assess the worker’s performance. What concept does this scenario best reflect?

A

role strain

81
Q

The Thomas Theorem states that:

A

situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences

82
Q

Garfinkel’s research, called “ethnomethodology,” involves:

A

studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy

83
Q

The study of social interaction in terms of theoretical performance is referred to as:

A

dramaturgical analysis

84
Q

The concept “presentation of self,” refers to:

A

person’s efforts to create specific impressions in the mind’s of others

85
Q

According to Goffman, out use of costumes, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to other are all element of a:

A

performance

86
Q

What “props” or materials might a professor us in his/her class?

A

PowerPoints

87
Q

“Nonverbal communication” refers to:

A

using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather that speech

88
Q

What is the correct sociological concept for all people with a common status, such as “college students?” (not a group)

A

category

89
Q

Which concept refers to a temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact? (not a group)

A

crowd

90
Q

Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships using the concept:

A

primary group

91
Q

What are the characteristics of a secondary group?

A

large
impersonal
informal
work groups

92
Q

Which concept refers to group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

A

authoritarian leadership

93
Q

Which type of leadership style focuses on instrumental concerns, making decisions, and ensuring group members obey orders?

A

democratic leadership

94
Q

Solomon Asch’s research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed:

A

conformity to compromise judgement to avoid discomfort with group

95
Q

Stanley Milgram’s research, in which subjects used a “shock generator,” showed that:

A

when people are under pressure of an authoritarian figure they would do anything they ask

96
Q

Which of the following concepts refers to a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition?

A

out-group

97
Q

What is Robert Merton’s term for focusing so much on rules and regulations that the organization cannot accomplish its goals?

A

Bureaucratic ritualism

98
Q

What is the term for: “the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves—that is, to keep themselves going”—is called:

A

Bureaucratic inertia

Sociology (5 decks)

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