Test #2

Question 1

As a part of human culture, religion would be an example of what type of culture/

Answer 1

non-material culture

Question 2

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material object that, together, constitute a people’s way of life?

Answer 2

material culture

Question 3

Which of the following statements most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis?

Answer 3

people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language

Question 4

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called?

Answer 4

values

Question 5

High-income nations tend to have cultural values that emphasize

Answer 5

culture that value individualism and self expression

“about me”

Question 6

Which of the statements does NOT correctly describe changes to society brought on by industrialization?

Answer 6

tradition becomes a more powerful part of culture (false)

Question 7

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population are referred to as?

Answer 7

popular culture (pop culture)

Question 8

Multiculturalism is defined as:

Answer 8

a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting respect and equal standing for all cultural traditions

Question 9

The concept “counterculture” refers to:

Answer 9

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those wide accepted within society
against mainstream society (Amish)

Question 10

The concept “cultural integration” alerts us to the fact that:

Answer 10

change in one cultural pattern usually link to another change

Question 11

The concept “ethnocentrism” refers to:

Answer 11

practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture
(one group feels superior to the other)

Question 12

The practice of judging any other culture using its own standards is called:

Answer 12

cultural relativism

Question 13

The theoretical approach that highlights the way any cultural pattern helps meet human needs is the:

Answer 13

Structural-Functional Analysis

Question 14

Which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human being develop their potential and learn culture?

Answer 14

socialization

Question 15

Which of the following concepts refers to a person’s fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

Answer 15

personality

Question 16

Our basic drives, or needs, as humans are reflected in Freud’s concept of:

Answer 16

psychoanalytic theory

Question 17

In Freud’s model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person’s efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives and the demands of society?

Answer 17

id

Question 18

Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individual first use language and other cultural symbols which of the following stages?

Answer 18

preoperational stage

Question 19

George Herbert Mead placed the origin of the self in:

Answer 19

social experience

Question 20

By “taking the role of the other,” Mead had in mind:

Answer 20

the process of imagining oneself from someone else’s point of view

Question 21

When Charles Horton Cooley used the term “looking-glass self,” he was referring to the fact that:

Answer 21

3 step process:

1. reactions of others towards you
2. understanding how others view you
3. feelings based on what we understand about what others feel about us

Question 22

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson’s view of socialization?

Answer 22

8 development stages

Question 23

Sociologists claim the main reason that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion is:

Answer 23

cultural inconsistency and defining still being a child, but having an adult body

Question 24

The “graying of the United States” refers to the process by which:

Answer 24

old age bot being valued nowadays

the majority of our population is 65 or older and surviving

Question 25

Which of the following concepts refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through careful control of the environment?

Answer 25

total institutions

Question 26

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is:

Answer 26

to radically alter a person's personality of behavior

Question 27

Which of the following concepts defines who and what we are in relation to others?

Answer 27

status

Question 28

At a given time, you occupy a number of statuses. Together, these form your:

Answer 28

status set

Question 29

Which of the following concepts refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life?

Answer 29

Ascribed Statuses

Question 30

Being and honors student is a good example of which of the following?

Answer 30

Achieved Statuses

Question 31

Which of the following is most likely to be viewed as a master status?

Answer 31

* occupation (job) * minority group (race-Mexican) * physical/mental disability (wheelchair)

Question 32

Sociologist use which of the following concepts to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

Answer 32

role

Question 33

Joan is an excellent artist and enjoys her work, but feels she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing: (role conflict of role strain)

Answer 33

role conflict

Question 34

Assume a plant supervisor wishes to be a good friend and a confidant to the workers, but must remain distant to assess the workers' performance. Which of the following is involved? (role conflict or role strain)

Answer 34

role strain

Question 35

The Thomas Theorem (a.k.a. "situational analysis" or "definition of the situation") states that:

Answer 35

When people experience all types of emotions and the outcome is opposite of what they thought ex: job interview

Question 36

Harold Garfinkel's research, called "ethnomethodology," involves:

Answer 36

studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attention regain normalcy

Question 37

According to Erving Goffman, our use of customs, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to others are all elements of a:

Answer 37

performance

Question 38

In terms of dramaturgical analysis, helping another person to "save face," or avoid embarrassment, is called:

Answer 38

social tact

Question 39

Charles Horton Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships using the concept:

Answer 39

primary group | ex: friends, family, BF/GF

Question 40

A secondary group is a social group that:

Answer 40

social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity ex: work group (informal)

Question 41

Which of the following concepts refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being?

Answer 41

expressive leadership

Question 42

Which type of group leader supports collective decision-making on an egalitarian basis?

Answer 42

Democratic Leadership

Question 43

Which type of leaders tend to downplay their position and power, allowing the group to function more or less on its own?

Answer 43

Laissez-Faire Leadership

Question 44

Which of the following statements is consistent with the findings of Solomom Asch?

Answer 44

willing to compromise our own judgement to avoid discomfort of being different, even from people we don't know

Question 45

Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed that:

Answer 45

people are likely to follow the directions not only of legitimate authority figures but also of groups of ordinary individuals, even when it means harming another person

Question 46

Which of the following illustrates the operation of groupthink?

Answer 46

group seeks consensus, discouraging members from speaking freely and ends up making a poor policy recommendation

Question 47

Which type of formal organization do people typically join to make money?

Answer 47

reference group (internship)

Question 48

The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves---that is, to keep themselves going---is called:

Answer 48

Bureaucratic Inertia

Question 49

``` Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of McDonaldization? A. Efficiency B. Predictability C. Creativity D. Uniformity E. Control through Automation ```

Answer 49

C. Creativity

Question 50

Sociologist define a symbol as:

Answer 50

anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people whos share a culture

Question 51

Cultural transmission refers to the process of:

Answer 51

process by which one generation passes culture to the next

Question 52

Wrong-doing such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity is an example of violation cultural:

Answer 52

mores (taboos)

Question 53

Compared to an industrial society, a postindustrial society is based on:

Answer 53

new information technology | college, office jobs, info based, computers (white collar)

Question 54

A New York Ballet would be an example of which kind of culture (Hint: not everyone has access to such a "high class" event.)

Answer 54

High Culture

Question 55

Computer nerds, Husker fans, Colorado Cowboys, the "Beach Crowd" would be examples of what type of culture?

Answer 55

Subculture

Question 56

The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called what?

Answer 56

cultural transmission

Question 57

A person who criticizes an Amish farmer for being backward for tilling his fields using horses and plows instead of a tractor is exhibiting what?

Answer 57

Ethnocentrism

Question 58

The practice of judging any other culture using its own standards is called what?

Answer 58

cultural relativism

Question 59

Which theoretical approach asserts that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people?

Answer 59

Structural-Functional Theory

Question 60

What are cultural universals?

Answer 60

traits that are a part of every known culture | Ex: Religion, holidays, norms, traditions

Question 61

A Marxist analysis of U.S. culture suggest that our competitive and individualistic values reflect:

Answer 61

Social Conflict Theory

Question 62

The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the:

Answer 62

Feminist Theory

Question 63

Which concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?

Answer 63

socialization

Question 64

Which of the following concepts refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

Answer 64

personality

Question 65

Our basic drives, or needs, as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of:

Answer 65

id

Question 66

In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives and the demands of society?

Answer 66

ego

Question 67

In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture (and standards of a society) within the individual?

Answer 67

superego

Question 68

According to Piaget, in what stage of human development at which individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?

Answer 68

sensor motor stage

Question 69

Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals first use language and other cultural symbol which of the following stages?

Answer 69

preoperational stage

Question 70

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was what?

Answer 70

moral reasoning

Question 71

Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing what about morality?

Answer 71

That men's moral development is not more mature than women's development

Question 72

George Hebert Mead placed the origin of the self in:

Answer 72

gaining social experience

Question 73

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind:

Answer 73

process of imagining oneself from someone else's point of view

Question 74

When Charles Horton Cooley used the term "looking-glass self" he was referring to the fact that:

Answer 74

a person's conception of self arises through reflection about their relationships with others

Question 75

Which concept refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through careful control of the environment?

Answer 75

total institution

Question 76

What is the term for a social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a lot of personal ability and effort?

Answer 76

status

Question 77

Sociologists use which of the following concepts to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

Answer 77

role

Question 78

A role set refers to a number of roles:

Answer 78

a number of roles attached to a single status

Question 79

Which concept refers to conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses?

Answer 79

role conflict

Question 80

Assume a supervisor wishes to be good friends to his/her workers, but must remain distant to assess the worker's performance. What concept does this scenario best reflect?

Answer 80

role strain

Question 81

The Thomas Theorem states that:

Answer 81

situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences

Question 82

Garfinkel's research, called "ethnomethodology," involves:

Answer 82

studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy

Question 83

The study of social interaction in terms of theoretical performance is referred to as:

Answer 83

dramaturgical analysis

Question 84

The concept "presentation of self," refers to:

Answer 84

person's efforts to create specific impressions in the mind's of others

Question 85

According to Goffman, out use of costumes, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to other are all element of a:

Answer 85

performance

Question 86

What "props" or materials might a professor us in his/her class?

Answer 86

PowerPoints

Question 87

"Nonverbal communication" refers to:

Answer 87

using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather that speech

Question 88

What is the correct sociological concept for all people with a common status, such as "college students?" (not a group)

Answer 88

category

Question 89

Which concept refers to a temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact? (not a group)

Answer 89

crowd

Question 90

Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships using the concept:

Answer 90

primary group

Question 91

What are the characteristics of a secondary group?

Answer 91

large impersonal informal work groups

Question 92

Which concept refers to group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

Answer 92

authoritarian leadership

Question 93

Which type of leadership style focuses on instrumental concerns, making decisions, and ensuring group members obey orders?

Answer 93

democratic leadership

Question 94

Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed:

Answer 94

conformity to compromise judgement to avoid discomfort with group

Question 95

Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed that:

Answer 95

when people are under pressure of an authoritarian figure they would do anything they ask

Question 96

Which of the following concepts refers to a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition?

Answer 96

out-group

Question 97

What is Robert Merton's term for focusing so much on rules and regulations that the organization cannot accomplish its goals?

Answer 97

Bureaucratic ritualism

Question 98

What is the term for: "the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves---that is, to keep themselves going"---is called:

Answer 98

Bureaucratic inertia