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Sociology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The concept “race” refers to:

A

a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

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2
Q

Compared to people in Brazil, people in the United States typically see ______

A

more

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3
Q

People of hispanic ancestry represent about what percentage of the U.S. population

A

17.1%

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4
Q

In 2013, African Americans accounted for about what percentage of the U.S. population?

A

13.2%

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5
Q

Read the following four statements. Which on is NOT correct:

a. MInorities have a distinctive identity.
b. Usually, people can readily identity a member of a minority.
c. All people in a minority category are disadvantaged.
d. A minority does not have to be a numerical minority.

A

c

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6
Q

Based on Scapegoat Theory, you would conclude that prejudice is created by?

A

from people who are themselves disadvantaged

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7
Q

Conflict theory states that prejudice is used by powerful people to justify them _____ others.

A

oppressing

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8
Q

Prejudice is a matter of _____, discrimination is a matter of ______.

A

attitudes

action

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9
Q

Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that bias is built into the operation of society’s _________

A

institutions

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10
Q

Which concept refers to a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have rough social equality?

A

pluralism

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11
Q

The overall social standing of Native Americans is _____ the national average. Is it below or above?

A

below

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12
Q

For immigrants, one advantage of living in CHinatown is ____; one disadvantage is ______

A

…

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13
Q

As a social institution, the economy..

A

operates in a predictable manner

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14
Q

The Industrial Revolution was based on new sources of _________.

A

energy

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15
Q

The postindustrial economy is defined by _______ technology.

A

high

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16
Q

Read the following four statements about the Information Revolution. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

a. The Information Revolution involves a shift from making tangible products to generating ideas.
b. The Information Revolution involves a shift from mechanical skills to literacy skills.
c. The Information Revolution involves a shift from gathering raw materials to making consumer products.
d. The Information Revolution involves a shift from working in factories to working anywhere.

A

c

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17
Q

The expansion of office work marks the growth of the economy’s _________ sector.

A

service

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18
Q

The primary sector accounts for some share of economic output in countries at all income levels. At which income level would you expect to see the primary sector account for the largest share of economic output? (low-income countries of high-income countries…only one is correct).

A

high-income countries

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19
Q

In the United States about what share (percentage) of the labor force performs service (tertiary) sector work?

A

more than 80%

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20
Q

Globalization of the economy means that:

A

increasing economic integrations

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21
Q

Capitalism is an economic system in which there is ____ ownership of productive property.

A

private

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22
Q

Socialism is an economic system in which there is ______ control of production.

A

government

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23
Q

Compared to socialist economic systems, capitalist economic system are generally much ____ productive.

A

more

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24
Q

A totalitarian political system:

A

extensively regulates citizens’ lives

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25
Q

In general, lower-income people tend to be ___ on social issues and ______ on economic issues. (fill in the blanks with either “liberal” or “conservative”)

A

liberal

conservative

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26
Q

A power-elite approach to the U.S. political system suggests that power is concentrated in.

A

among the rich

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27
Q

The military-industrial complex refers to:

A

the military and defense industries

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28
Q

Fertility refers to:

A

the actual number of children a women bears in her lifetime

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29
Q

The maximum possible childbearing for women is called:

A

fecundity

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30
Q

Which global region has BOTH the world’s highest birth rate and the world’s highest infant mortality rate?

A

Africa

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31
Q

Typically, low-income nations grow mostly from ______, while high-income nations grow from ______.

A

births

births

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32
Q

In general, what is the relationship between the average income level and population increase for countries around the world? in other words… [the lower the average income, the ____ the population increases].

A

higher

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33
Q

In the United States, the sex ratio if 97, meaning that..

A

there are more females that males in a population

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34
Q

Thomas Robert Malthus argued at least three things:

  • –population would increase in _____ progression.
  • –food and other resources would increase in ____ progression.
  • –people would ______ to a point that the planet could not support them.
A

geometrically
arithmetically
starve

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35
Q

For societies at the postindustrial level of economic development, population ____ very slowly.

A

decrease

36
Q

“Zero population growth” refers to the level of reproduction that maintains population at a ____ rate.

A

steady

37
Q

Many governments in high-income nations are concerned about population decline because:

A

major problem – underpopulation

38
Q

In low-income countries, the single most important factor contributing to population increase is:

A

demographic transition theory

39
Q

Which concept refers to social patterns brought on by the Industrial Revolution?

A

modernity

40
Q

Which concept refers to changes brought on by the Information Revolution?

A

postmodernity

41
Q

Social movements are defined as:

A

organized activities that encourage or discourage social change

42
Q

Of the various types of social movements, which is the LEAST threatening to the status quo?

A

alterative social movements

43
Q

Alcoholics Anonymous, an organization that seeks to help alcoholics achieve a sober life, is one example of which type of social movement?

A

redemptive social movements

44
Q

Political economy theory claims that social movements arise within capitalist societies because the capitalist economic system fails to:

A

meet the needs of the majority of people

45
Q

For Ferdinand Tonnies, the essence of “Gesellschaft” is:

A

a type of social organization weak social ties

46
Q

Durkheim’s concept of organic solidarity corresponds to Tonnies’s concept of

A

Gessellschaft

47
Q

Max Weber’s view of modernity stresses what? (a word beginning with the letter “r”)

A

rationalization

48
Q

Which of the following concepts refers to a category pf people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?

A

minorities

49
Q

What are the characteristics of being a minority? (are they always disadvantaged?)

A

not always a disadvantage

body structure, skin color, eyes, facial factors, race and ethnicity

50
Q

Which of the following concepts refers to a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people?

A

prejudice

51
Q

Based on scapegoat theory, you would conclude that prejudice is created by:

A

frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged

52
Q

Conflict theory states that prejudice is:

A

used as a tool by powerful people to oppress others

53
Q

Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that:

A

bias built into the operation of society’s institutions

54
Q

Which of the following concepts refers to a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have rough social equality?

A

pluralism

55
Q

Assimilation refers to the pattern by which:

A

minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

56
Q

From which world regions do most of today’s immigrants come? (which two continents)

A

Latin America/Asia

57
Q

As a social institution, the economy does what? (three things)

A

major sphere of social lice, societal subsystem, organized to meet human needs

58
Q

Which of the following concepts refers to an economy based on service work and computer technology?

A

modernity “industrial revolution”

59
Q

Turning metals into automobiles is work that falls within which sector of the economy:

A

postindustrial revolution

60
Q

Socialism is an economic system in which there is:

A

natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively (government) owned

61
Q

Compared to socialist economic systems, capitalist economic systems are generally what in terms of their production?

A

fair out-produced socialist counterparts

62
Q

A conglomerate is:

A

giant corporations composed of smaller corporations

63
Q

An authoritarian political system:

A

that denies the people participation in government

64
Q

A totalitarian political system:

A

high centralized political system that extensively regulates citizens’ lives

65
Q

A pluralist approach to the U.S. political system suggests that:

A

sees power as spread among many competing interest groups (compliment respecting each others similarities and differences)

66
Q

The military-industrial complex refers to:

A

the close association of the federal government., the military, and defense industries.

67
Q

Demography is defined as the study of:

A

size, distribution, and composition of human populations

68
Q

Fertility refers to:

A

incidence of childbearing in a country’s population (# of kids women have)

69
Q

The maximum possible childbearing for women is called:

A

fecundity

70
Q

The demographic measure called “sex ratio” refers to :

A

the number of males for every hundred females in a give population

71
Q

If a society has a sex ratio of 110, it is very likely that people there:

A

more males than females in population

72
Q

The basic idea behind demographic transition theory is that:

A

population patterns to a society’s level of technological development

73
Q

“Zero populations growth” refers to the level of reproduction that:

A

maintains population at a steady state

74
Q

Many government in high-income nations are concerned about population decline because:

A

“underpopulation” - not having enough younger people to support the older people in population

75
Q

Which concept refers to social patterns brought on by the Industrial Revolution?

A

social change

76
Q

Which concept refers to changes brought on by the Information Revolution?

A

diffusion

77
Q

Which type of social movement seeks radical social change but only in some people?

A

redemptive social movements

78
Q

Mass-society theory predicts that social movements will involve people who:

A

of identity and purpose through their membership

79
Q

Which theoretical approach states that social movements depend not just on material resources but on rallying around symbols and gaining a sense of unity in action?

A

culture theory

80
Q

Know all four stages of a social movement?

A

emergence, coalescence, bureaucratization, decline

81
Q

Ferdinand Tonnies described modernity as the loss of:

A

community

82
Q

Durkheim’s concept of organic solidarity corresponds to Tonnies’s concept of:

A

The Division of Labor

83
Q

Max Weber’s view of modernity stressed what?

A

Rationalization

84
Q

Scholars who take a “postmodernist” approach claim that:

A
  • in important respects, modernity has failed
  • cultural debates are intensifying
  • social institutions are changing
  • science no longer holds answers
85
Q

Which of the following is a real trend that suggest life in the United States is getting better?

A

critical evaluation

Sociology (5 decks)

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