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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • the scientific study of human behavior and the social context in which it occurs
  • also studies group behavior in society
  • tend to study people at the group level and at the aggregate level in society
  • focuses on group behavior and societal behavior
A

sociology

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2
Q

family, religion,, education, government, politics, sport, economy, health care, military, criminal justice and so forth and how these ______ affect people.

A

social institutions

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3
Q

coined (invented) the term sociological imagination

A

C. Wright Mills

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4
Q

the ability to identify the societal patterns that influence individual and group life.

A

sociological imagination

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5
Q

are personal problems that are based in events or emotions in an individual’s life.

A

troubles

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6
Q

affect large numbers of people and are based in the history and institutional arrangements of a society.

A

issues

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7
Q

sociology is an _____ discipline, where rigorous methods of research are used to investigate everyday life, and the conclusions must be based on careful systematic observations, rather than previous assumptions or “common sense”
- do research by going to the field ans conducting own research

A

empirical discipline

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8
Q

____ ____ used the term debunking

A

peter berger

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9
Q

myths to refer to the role that sociology plays in looking beyond what is typically seen in everyday life

A

debunking

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10
Q

where did sociology first emerge?

A

in western Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries

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11
Q

funding country of sociology

A

france

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12
Q

known as the Age of Reason, strongly influenced the development of sociology. The _______’s faith in the ability of human reason to solve society’s problems by identifying natural social laws and processes was strongly linked to the development of modern science.

A

enlightenment

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13
Q

(Q. 50) _______, a system of thought in which accurate observation and description is considered the highest form of knowledge, was another concept that emerged at this time and influenced the development of sociology

A

positivism

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14
Q

________, based on the principle that human reason can successfully direct social action for the improvement of society, contributed to the emphasis on social reform in the discipline of sociology

A

humanitarianism

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15
Q

_______, or a belief in practically, led sociologist to value social planning. There was an emphasis on identifying the causes of social problems and developing strategies to improve them.
(more practical/hands on)

A

pragmatism

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16
Q

______ were more pragmatic than europeans.

meaning they were more applied

A

Americans

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17
Q

used Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution to analyze social evolution or change

A

Social Darwinism

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18
Q

______ _______: or the use of sociological research and theory in solving human problems, is based on the work of early activist who identified urbanization and industrialization as the cause of many social problems
(those with material item are more likely to survive)

A

applied sociology

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19
Q

school who used human labs for research

A

“chicago school” - University of Chicago

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20
Q

believed that an individual’s identity is based on his/her understanding of how others perceive them

A

Charles Horton Cooley

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21
Q

extended Cooley’s idea by investigating how individuals develop through the relationships they establish with others

A

George Herbert Mead

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22
Q

social psychology, as a discipline developed at the _____ of Chicago

A

University

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23
Q

used Chicago as a lab to investigate social problems. He identified the concept known as the “definition of the situation.”

A

W.I. Thomas

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24
Q

“if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.” This principle argued that social influences were so great that people behave according to what they think is true, even with evidence to the contrary.

A

definition of the situation

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25
Q
  • a lot of emotional though that goes into situation.
  • they usually turn out opposite to what we think will happen
  • emotional distress, anxious or overconfident
A

definition of the situation

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26
Q

investigated how people of different races interact, as well as the sociological design of cities. he developed the concentric circle model of urbanization

A

Robert Park

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27
Q

invented social work — solved problems

A

Jane Adams

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28
Q

has a large impact of the settlement house movement. She was one of the founders of the “hull house,” which provided community services to its poverty-stricken residents.

A

Jane Adams

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29
Q

____ _____ was for any woman who was abused or mistreated, of any race.

A

hull house

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30
Q

female sociologists were usually _____ from university teaching positions, so they often entered into the applied field of _____ ______

A

excluded

social work

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31
Q

the first black person to receive a doctorate from Harvard in any field
what was the field?

A

W.E.B. Du Bois

sociology

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32
Q

wanted to be an activist for any person (minority)

A

W.E.B Du Bois

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33
Q

one of the founders of the WLMBC»>

A

W.E.B Du Bois

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34
Q

organized the Niagara Movement in 1909 (top 10% of blacks) to set the social agenda for improved racial arrangement in the U.S.

A

W.E.B Du Bois

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35
Q

authored “the Philadelphia negro,” one of the first empirical community studies to be published

A

W.E.B Du Bois

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36
Q

viewed sociology as a scientific community-based, activist profession committed to social justice

A

W.E.B. Du Bois

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37
Q

another black sociologist, analyzed racial prejudice, discrimination, and segregation in the U.S. He was interested in the origins of capitalism and what is currently termed “world systems theory” of theoretical explanations that use a global approach to understand the relationship between social systems, economic markets, and political structures

A

Oliver Cromwell Cox

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38
Q

4 diverse theoretical perspectives

A

feminist theory
exchange theory
rational choice theory
postmodernism

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39
Q

analyzes the status of women by seeking knowledge to improve women’s lives

A

feminist theory

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40
Q

how women are treated or status in our society

A

feminist theory

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41
Q

argues that individual behavior is determined by the rewards or punishments people receive in daily interactions with others

A

exchange theory

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42
Q

basing behavior on reward or punishment

A

exchange theory

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43
Q

argues that the choices people make are guided by reason, with society being seen as the sum of individual decisions and actions

A

rational choice theory

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44
Q

assumes that everyone is rational

A

rational choice theory

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45
Q

argues that society is reflected in the words and images, or discourses, that people use to represent behavior and ideas.

A

postmodernism

46
Q

gathering statistical data on people and having a lot of data on people does not necessarily mean you truly understand their behavior

A

postmodernism

47
Q

they also believe there is no one research method that best helps a researcher conduct his/her research.

  • also believe in “multiple interpretations” for all research and believe each person sees the situation differently
  • we can’t say one way is right or wrong when analyzing behavior
A

postmodernism

48
Q

believe that there is no single “best” way to conduct research on people

A

postmodernism

49
Q

recognized and intended or expected outcomes of a social pattern
ex: when you graduate you expect to get a full filling job and good pay

A

manifest functions

50
Q

unrecognized, unexpected, outcomes of a social pattern

ex: as a college student you find your spouse, student loan debts, not happy

A

latent functions

51
Q

founder of sociology

A

august comte

52
Q

(Q. 50) ________= science

A

positivism

53
Q

is how society is structured. it defines who the owners of production are and who the workers are. It also distinguishes the work tasks, hierarches, and a structure of power and authority in relations between management and workers

A

division of labor

54
Q

Is the integration and the type of integration found in a group. it generally requires shared values. It’s the values that bond a society or a group together to one common goal.
ex: factory workers walk off the job and protest for more benefits and better working conditions

A

social solidarity

55
Q

said that society is functional

A

Emile Durkheim

56
Q

viewed society as an entity larger than the sum of its parts. this means that society is a subject to be examined separate from the sum of the individuals who compose it

A

Emile Durkheim

57
Q

Durkheim coined this term. these are social patterns that are external to individuals
ex: customs, social values, language

A

social facts

58
Q

(Durkheim) means a relative state of normlessness.
ex: a society may undergo a major social transformation such as war in a country or a natural disaster. when social order is non-existent and the state does not have control of its people’s behavior that is anomie

A

anomie

59
Q

(48&49) based on the similarity between individuals and is the form of solidarity that is most commonly found in simple, less advanced, agrarian (agricultural) societies.

A

mechanical solidarity

60
Q

these societies tend to be “we” oriented.
help each other out
watch each others kids
more rural not many jobs

A

mechanical solidarity

61
Q

(Q. 48&49) based on role differentiation between individuals and is the form of solidarity that is most commonly found in modern, advanced societies.
- technologically advanced, very complex
-tends to be more “me” oriented
involved more in self interest

A

organic solidarity

62
Q

one of the greatest sociologist (19th century)

- was an economist

A

Karl Marx

63
Q

considered society to be shaped by economic forces and devoted his works to explaining how capitalism shaped society
- unidimensional

A

Karl Marx

64
Q

is an economic system based on the principles of market competition, private property, and the pursuit of profit

A

capitalism

65
Q

T or F?

socialism would overthrow capitalism

A

false

66
Q

_____ is unidimensional

A

Karl Marx

67
Q

developed a multidimensional analysis of society. he integrated three basic dimensions: political, economic, and cultural

A

Max Weber

68
Q

believed there could be no such thing as “value free sociology” since values would always influence what sociologist considered worthy of study

A

Max Weber

69
Q

defined as a behavior to which people give meaning. In other words, social behavior is more than just action; people do things in a context and use their interpretive abilities to understand and give meaning to their action

A

social action

70
Q

attempts to explain and predict social patterns of behavior

A

theory

71
Q

interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole

A

structural functionalism

72
Q

founder is the S-F approach—everybody plays a part in society

A

Emile Durkheim

73
Q

macro-sociological theory examines ____ numbers of people

A

large

74
Q

main purpose of S-F

A

to maintain some sort of balance and serve a specific function
causes social change
balance consensus and equilibrium

75
Q

simply emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order. it focuses on the ground of struggle in society–particularly the inequalities based on class, race, and gender

A

conflict theory

76
Q

founder of conflict theory

A

Karl Marx

77
Q

emphasizes social control, no conformity, like S-F does.

  • examines inequalities “inequities”
  • more radical
A

conflict theory

78
Q

studies small groups

interpersonal

A

mirco-sociological

79
Q
  • interpretive
  • body language and how ppl are feeling
  • one on one behavior
    ex: interacting with friends, fam, teacher - can be formal or informal
A

symbolic interactionism

80
Q

is a theory which considers immediate social interaction to be where “society” exists. It considers society to be socially constructed through constant negotiations and human interpretation.

A

symbolic interactionism

81
Q

any type of social encounter

A

symbolic interactionism

82
Q

attempts to explain action and interaction and the outcome of the meaning people attach to things and to social action

A

symbolic interactionism

83
Q
  • we use our interpretive abilities to interpret behavior
  • trying to make sense of the world or one’s surroundings
  • women are the best in interpreting others
A

symbolic interactionism

84
Q

aspires to be both scientific and humanistic, uses the method to observe behavior and test theory

A

sociology and the scientific method

85
Q

first step in sociological research is to develop a _____ _____past research, which is increasingly available through online databases and electronic storage, past studies may be reproduced in a replication study

A

developing a research question

86
Q

a research design is the overall logic and strategy underlying the research. the details of one’s research design flow form the specific questions asked. any research design includes a ___ for how data will be gathered, using both quantitative and qualitative methods
insure validity and reliability

A

plan

creating a research design

87
Q

sociology can use primary or secondary data and must evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their data sources

A

gathering data

88
Q

unexpected

A

serendipity

89
Q

fast info

A

questionnaires

90
Q

research process

A

develop research question
creating research design
gathering data

91
Q

combines subjective knowledge gained through personal involvement and objective knowledge acquired by disciplined recording of what one has seen.
ex; researcher goes into fields and collects data themselves

A

participant observation

92
Q

useful for determining a pattern of cause and effect, but they can be artificial

A

controlled experiments

93
Q

qualitative research
- researchers can measure what people write, say, see, and hear. Is had the advantage of being unobtrusive, but since it is based only on mass communication, it cannot tell us what people really think about these images of whether they affect peoples behavior

A

content analysis

94
Q

more in depth

A

interviews

95
Q

examines sociological themes over time

A

historical research

96
Q

assesses the effect of policies and programs on people in society. such research may have important impact on controversial issues and ma be used to produce policy recommendation
ex; policies dealing w elderly–taking good care of em, enough protection

A

evaluation research

97
Q

types of research

A
  • the survey: polls, questionnaires, interviews
  • participant observation
  • controlled experiments
  • content analysis
  • historical research
  • evaluation research
98
Q

a sub set of the population

A

sample

99
Q

everyone has an equal chance of being selected in a sample

A

random sample

100
Q

used in most disciplines (including sociology) as a research strategy or approach in solving problems. includes the following steps: hypothesis, observation, data collection, and data analysis..in other words, generalizing the outcome of the data to a population

A

scientific method

101
Q

is a systematic plan for doing research. four of the most commonly used methods used in sociology include: experiments, surveys, participant observation and the use of existing resources

A

research design

research method

102
Q

data is numerically-driven. an example would be numbers or statistics

A

quantitative data

103
Q

data that is non-numerical. it includes data such as those face-to-face interviews, focus groups, historical documents, closed-ended surveys or questionnaires, or content analysis

A

qualitative data

104
Q

it is the variable in an experiment that “causes” the change

A

independent variable

105
Q

it is the variable in an experiment that is the “effect” of the thing that changes in the experiment (actual behavior)

A

dependent variable

106
Q

the repeatability of a study. is a researcher were to repeat the same study, under the same conditions the original researcher conducted the study, then the outcome of the experiment should always be the same. its consistency measurement
- replicate research and gets similar results

A

reliability

107
Q

the precision or preciseness of a measurement. actually measuring exactly what it is you intended to measure

A

validity

108
Q

data that is collected by a researcher. it is the researcher’s original data he or she collected

A

primary data

109
Q

data that has already been collected by another party and can be used by many researchers.
ex: data from the following government and private institutions: census data, center for disease and control data.
any research collected by original researcher and then made available to others

A

secondary data

110
Q

unexpected or unanticipated findings in a research experiment

A

serendipitous findings

Sociology (5 decks)

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