Test #3

Question 1

Which casts are never normal to see in urine?

Answer 1

Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Epithelial
Waxy Casts

Question 2

What type of protein do hyaline casts contain?

Answer 2

Tamm-Horsfall

Question 3

What urine pH are casts formed and preserved in?

Answer 3

Acidic

Question 4

Fatty acid casts may be seen in patient with____

Answer 4

DM or high fat diet

Question 5

Normal range per lpf for Hyaline & Granular casts is _____

Answer 5

1-2/lpf

Question 6

Epithelial casts contain what kind of cells?

Answer 6

Renal Tubular

Question 7

What are the 2 non-protein nitrogenous waste in blood?

Answer 7

BUN/Creatinine

Question 8

What does BUN & Creatinine measure & diagnose?

Answer 8

glomerular filtration

Azotemia

Question 9

What is Azotemia?

Answer 9

an increase in non-protein nitrogenous wastes in blood

Question 10

The normal BUN for canine and feline

Answer 10

7-27mg/dl

16-36mg/dl

Question 11

Normal Creatinine levels for canine and feline

Answer 11

0. 5-1.8mg/dl

0. 8-2.4mg/dl

Question 12

Which is slower to increase BUN, or Creatinine?

Answer 12

Creatinine

Question 13

Reason for increased Creatinine

Answer 13

Azotemia

Question 14

Reason for decreased Creatinine

Answer 14

Diuresis

Question 15

Reasons for increase in BUN

Answer 15

Azotemia
increased protein diet
Stress
Strenuous exercise
nerosis

Question 16

Reasons for decrease in BUN

Answer 16

Liver disease
Young animals
Diuresis
Starvation

Question 17

What are the 3 tests used to diagnose and classify Azotemia?

Answer 17

USG
BUN
Creatinine

Question 18

An opaque cast with broad ends and brittle edges

Answer 18

Waxy cast

Question 19

Cellular cast with disorganized arrangement & indicative of inflammation from pyolonephritis

Answer 19

Leukocyte cast

Question 20

Cellular cast that is deep yellow to orange in color, presence indicates bleeding in the kidney

Answer 20

Erythrocyte cast

Question 21

Cellular cast with organized arrangement & indicative of renal tubular damage

Answer 21

Epithelial cast

Question 22

What do stones need to form

Answer 22

Increased concentration of minerals
Adequate pH
Adequate time
+/-Nidus

Question 23

What is a Nidus?

Answer 23

something upon which a stone can form (bacteria, crystals, suture)

Question 24

3 most common stones

Answer 24

Triple Phosphate
Urate/Ammonium Urate
Calcium Oxalate

Question 25

Triple Phosphate Stone characteristics

Answer 25

Alkaline urine
Dogs and cats
Secondary to bacterial infection due to urease + bacteria
Treatment: acidify urine

Question 26

Urate/Ammonium Urate Stone

Answer 26

Uric Acid stone
Common in dalmations
Seen with portosystemic shunt 
Hard to prevent 
Restrict protein

Question 27

Calcium Oxalate Stone

Answer 27

Sharp protrusions
Can damage bladder
Acidic urine
Tx: make urine alkaline