Test 3 Flashcards
Are plants producers/autotrophic or consumers/heterotrophic?
Producers/autotrophic
Organisms within Kingdom Plantae are _______, _________, ________, and they lack ______.
Multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotic, and they lack mobility
Plants’ cell walls are made of _______.
Cellulose
How old are plants?
Almost 500 million years old
What are the three main parts of plants?
Stem, roots, leaves
What is the role of roots in plants?
Penetrate the soil and anchor the plant to the ground
Absorb water and minerals from the soil to be used in photosynthesis
What do the leaves do for the plant?
Provide a large surface area for the absorption of sunlight
Photosynthesis occurs inside the chloroplasts of the cells of the leaves
What are stems and what are they used for?
Are composed of rigid tissue that raise and support the leaves
Transport substances from the roots to leaves and the leaves to the roots
Plants are divided into four main groups based on two major characteristics:
The presence or absence of vascular tissue and seeds
What are vascular tissues?
Transport substances such as water, minerals, and sugars throughout the plant
What are seeds?
Structures that contain an embryo, stored food, and a protective outer coat
Nonvascular land plants, no seeds
Bryophytes- include mosses and liverworts
Seedless vascular plants
Pterophytes- ferns, club mosses, horsetails
Seeded vascular plants
Tracheophytes- most plants
- divided into angiosperms and gymnosperms
Non-flowering plants with seeds that do not develop within an enclosed structure (naked seeds)
Gymnosperms
Flowering plants with seeds that develop within an enclosed structure
Angiosperms (hidden seeds)
More plant structures (not the main three)
Rhizoids, xylem, phloem, cuticle, and stomata
Small hair-like structures that transport materials and anchor the plant
Rhizoids
Hollow tubes made of dead cells that transport water from roots to leaves
Xylem
Hollow tubes made of living cells that transport glucose made during photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant
Phloem
Waxy covering on stems and leaves of plants
Prevents water loss
Cuticle
Microscopic opening or pores in leaves
Pores through which the exchange of gases occurs in plants
Some water is also lost through these in a process known as transpiration
Stomata
Characteristics of fungi:
Eukaryotic
Non-photosynthetic (heterotrophic)
Most are multicellular
Most are microscopic molds or yeasts
The study of fungi is known as ______.
Mycology
Cell walls of fungi are contain
Chitin
The _____ is a mat of hyphae visible to the unaided eye
Mycelium
Some hyphae may be divided by cross sections called
Septa
What are fungi made out of?
Hyphae
What is the above ground part of a fungus called?
Fruiting body/reproductive structure
What are recyclers of dead organic material called?
Saprophytes
How do fungi get their food?
The hyphal tips will release enzymes that eventually decompose and secrete the juices out of the dead creature the fungus has found
Where are saprophytic fungi found?
Dead trees, logs, plant little such as leaves, and even dead insects or animals, etc.
Histoplasmosis
Internal organs
Examples of fungal infections:
Ringworm, athlete’s foot
What major medicine in the world today is a fungus?
Penicillin
What is another popular fungus that helps humans?
Yeast
What fungi are widely consumes by humans?
Mushrooms, morels, and truffles
Fungi are ________.
Plant pathogens
What is symbiosis?
Beneficial partnerships between different species of creatures
Symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi:
Lichen
Scientific name for sac fungi:
Ascomycota
Scientific name for threadlike fungi:
Zygomycota
Scientific name for club fungi
Basidomycota
Scientific name for imperfect fungi
Deuteromycota
What are two characteristics that all plants have in common?
Plants make their own food through photosynthesis. All plants have cell walls made of cellulose which support and protect the cell.
What type of organism is thought to be the ancestor of all plants? Why?
Green algae- contain chlorophyll, cell walls, store energy in the form of starch, have a two part life cycle.
How are ferns, horsetails, and club mosses different from angiosperms?
Don’t produce seeds, flowers, or fruits
How are horsetails and club mosses similar to ferns?
Release spores, vascular, don’t make seeds
Why don’t mosses ever grow as large as ferns?
Mosses don’t grow lengthwise because they don’t have a vascular system. Because they don’t have a vascular system, they need to get water directly from their environment or from a neighboring cell. To get water, you need to be on the ground.
The ______ is a waxy layer that coats the surface of stems and leaves.
Cuticle
Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, and __________.
Club mosses
If plants did not possess a cuticle, where would they have to live?
Plants would have to live in moist areas so that they would not dry out.
Diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups
Cladogram
Study of evolutionary relationships
Phylogeny
Grouping individuals by their pattern of evolution
Evolutionary classification
A form of analysis that looks at features of organisms that are considered innovations
Cladistics
In cladograms, more advanced characteristics appear in later species than in earlier ones. These are called
Derived characters
What is photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide and water combine with solar energy and make glucose (food) and oxygen
Where does photosynthesis occur?
In the thylakoids of the chloroplasts which are in green leaf cells
What are chloroplasts and where are they found?
Chloroplasts are organelles found in green leaves of a plant. They make food for the plant through photosynthesis
What are the two main functions of the chloroplasts?
Make food and store energy
What is the primary pigment found in chloroplasts?
Green- chlorophyll
Another name for sugar
Glucose
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight/solar energy –> C6H12O6 + O2
What thee things are used to make glucose in photosynthesis?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carbon dioxide and water
Where does the water come from?
Roots absorb water through the xylem
What type of energy does the plant use to convert CO2 and H2O into sugars/glucose?
Solar energy
What is produced in photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
What is the glucose used for?
Energy and growth
What is the oxygen used for?
The oxygen produced in photosynthesis is discarded into the air.
Refer to photosynthesis worksheet to know what the short essay will be
What are the four main groups of fungi?
Club fungi, sac fungi, threadlike fungi, and imperfect fungi
How do threadlike fungi reproduce?
Asexually and sexually
How do sac fungi reproduce?
Sexually and asexually
How do club fungi reproduce?
Sexually
How do the imperfect fungi reproduce?
Asexually
What is the largest group of fungi?
Sac fungi
The structure containing spores in a sac of fungi is called _________.
An ascus
__________ live on dead organic material.
Decomposers
Label the parts of the euglena
Now.
Label the parts of the ameba.
Now.
Label the parts of the paramecium.
Now.
Protozoa
One celled “first” “animals”
Protophyta
Primitive “first” “plants”
Most protists are
Aquatic
_______ are organisms that drift or swim near the surface of the water
Plankton
________ are protists that include ________ (autotrophs) and ________ (heterotrophs)
Microplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton
Single form of plankton
Plankter
______ are responsible for half the world’s photosynthesis and oxygen production
Phytoplankton
What are the three categories of protists?
Plantlike
Animal like
Funguslike
Animal like protists that feed on bacteria and smaller protists
Ameba
Animal like protists that live in fresh water that feed on bacteria and smaller protists
Paramecium
Unicellular algae that live in freshwater and can make their own food in the presence of sunlight
Euglena
Pseudopod, nucleus, food vacuole, cytoplasm, contractile vacuole, and cell membrane
Ameba
Anal pore, food vacuole, oral groove, macronucleus, micronucleus, cytoplasm, cilia, contractile vacuole
Paramecium
Chloroplasts, nucleus, eyespot, contractile vacuole, flagellum
Euglena
Protists may be autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic organisms:
Autotrophic:
Heterotrophic:
Heterotrophic:
Autotrophic- photosynthetic: plant like
Heterotrophic- ingestive: animal like
Heterotrophic- absorptive: fungus like
Mixotrophic organisms combine photosynthesis and food ingestion
Some Protozoa move with cilia
Cilia are hairlike structures on the sides of some protists which helps them to swim and capture food
Contractile vacuole
Pump that will contract and pump excess water out of the cell
Ameba extends pseudopodia around food particle until they join, enclosing the particle in a membrane-bound vesicle. A lysosomes merges with the new food vacuole, dumping its enzymes in to digest the food. The products of digestion are then absorbed through the membrane.
Phagocytosis
Multicellular algae are classified by their
Pigments
Euglena move by
Flagellum
Euglena is ________. (H,A,M)
Mixotrophic
Which type of protist has only a cell membrane?
Ameba
The name ameba comes from the Greek word _______, which means change.
Amoibe
The word pseudopodia means
False foot
Common disease caused by amebas
Amebic dysentery- causes cramps and diarrhea
Which protist moves with cilia?
Paramecium
Which protist moves with a flagellum?
Euglena
Which protist moves with pseudopods?
Ameba
