Test 3 Flashcards
What phyla do angiosperms have?
anthophyta
What are angiosperms?
seeded plants that produce flowers and fruits
What type of plants are the most diverse and widespread group of them?
angiosperms
What are the two adaptations unique ot angiosperms?
flowers and fruits
Why did angiosperms adapt flowers?
for specialized sexual reproduction so they can attract pollinators
Do flowers contain male, female, or both parts?
both
How do fruits develop?
from a mature ovary and they contain seeds
Flower definition
a specialized shoot that can have up to four rings of sporophylls
sporophyll
The specialized in leaves that produce and contain spores
Sepals
green leaves at the base of the flower
Stamen- composition
anther and filament that contains microsporangia
Stamen- definition and function
The sticky, receptive surface at the top of the pistil where pollen lands and germinates, initiating the fertilization process
Carpel Composition
stigma, style, and ovary that contains megasporangia
Carpel Definition
The female reproductive organ, also known as the gynoecium or pistil
Microsporangia
structures that produce microspores (male spores)
Megasporangia
structures that produce megaspores (female spores)
How are seeds developed in an angiosperm?
from the ovule if the eggs is fertilized
2 Functions of Fruits
provide protection for the seeds and aid in seed dispersal
Diverse fruit forms are adaptations for…
seed dispersal
Stamen structure from the outside in
stamen, filament, anther, microsporangium, gametophyte, pollen grain, 2 sperm with a tube cell
Carpel Structure from the Outside In
carpel, stigma, style, ovary, ovule(megasporangium), gametophyte, egg with 2 nuclei
Fertilization Steps 1 and 2
pollen released by the anther is carried to the stigma, and then the pollen grain germinates to form a pollen tube that delivers two sperm into the ovule
Double Fertilization
one sperm fertilizes the egg (zygote) and one sperm fuses with the double nuclei cell to form a triploid (3n) cell (endosperm)
Cotyledon
succulents
Cotelydon Development
A diploid zygote develops into an embryo with a rudimentary root and one or two seed leaves
Endosperm development (tissue inside of seeds)
a triploid cell develops into tissue rich in starch and other food resources to nourish the embryo
Most angiosperms have ______ and _______ in the same flower and have evolved mechanisms to avoid ___ _________
stamen and carpel, self pollination
stamen and carpel develop at _________ times
different
What is arranged in angiosperms to make self-pollination unlikely?
stamen and carpel
when did angiosperms arise?
140 MYA and strted ot dominate by the end of the Mesozoic period
How do fungi get nutrients?
absorption, other organisms, outside of the body
how do fungi grow?
forming multicellular filaments
How do fungi digest food?
secreting enzymes into the environment
Fungal Body Structures
multicellular filaments and single-celled yeasts
What is a hyphae in multicellular fungi?
tubular cells with walls surrounding a plasma membrane and cytoplasm
cell wallas of multicellular fungi contain…
chitin
hyphae form …
mycelium - interwoven masses that infiltrate organic material
2 most important function of hyphae
increase surface area and maximize absorption potential
_______ in multicellular fungi can trap and kill prey
hypha
Mycorrihzae
fungi that form mutualistic relationships with plant roots
How do mycorrhizae function?
hypha gives plants access to minerals by extending roots, some fix nitrogen and plants provide fungal associates with carbs
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
form sheaths of hypha around the root
Arbuscular mychorrhizal
symbiotic relationship where hypha penetrate root cell wall and form pouches of the cell membrane
how do fungi reproduce
through spore production from sexual and asexual
why do fungi use spores to reproduce?
they are effecient means of dispersal
Fungi are classified based on the specifics of _______ _________
sexual reproduction
deuteromycetes
fungi that do not have a known sexual stage or only produce asexually, and many produce moles
What are the two main steps of sexual reproduction in fungi?
plasmogamy and kyrogamy
Step 1 of plasmogamy
haploid mycelium release pheremones
step 2 of plasmogamy
plasmogamy - two mycelia meet and their cells fuse only by the cytoplasm which makes them a heterokaryon (genetically different nuclei)
Plasmogamy Step 3
fungi remain heterokaryotic for a while before progressing to the next stage
What happens during karyogamy?
fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote (only diploid stage) and it produces haploid structures
How do yeasts reproduce
asexually reproduce by budding
What supergroup are fungi part of?
unikonta
what subgroup are fungi in?
opisthokonts
a majority of fungal cells lack…
flagella
What are the earliest diverging lineage from fungi
chitrids - the only flagellated fungi
when was the first fungal fossil from?
460 MYA
When do early vascular plant fossils show evidence of mycorrhizal fungal associates?
420 MYA
chytrid spore producing structure
flagella
zygomycetes spore producing structures
zygosporangium
glomeromycetes spore producing structures
arbuscular mychorrihizae
ascomycetes spore producing structure
asci
basidiomycetes spore producing structure
basidium
zoospores
chytrids that are single spherical cells with flagellated spores
cytrids habitat
lakes and soils
chytrid food chain classifications
decomposers, eukaryotc parasites and mutualists
one species of _______ is causing disease in amphibians
chytrids
zygomycetes
phylum of fungi that include fast-growing molds, parasites, commensals, and mutualists
how do zygomycetes reproduce
normally asexual but when conditions deteriorate, they switch to sexual
zygosporangium
Reproductive structure of zygomycetes that are resistant to environmental degradation and can remain dormant until conditions improve
glomeromyctetes
small group of fungi where most species form arbuscular mycorrhizae
Ascomycetes
large and diverse fungi phyla that produce fruiting bodies during the sexual cycle (ascocarps)
____% of all ascomycetes form associations with green algae or cyanobacteria in lichens
25%
what fungi is current cause of white-nose syndrome in bats?
ascomycetes
conidia
asexual spores produced by ascomycetes that can germinate into hyphae or be involved in sexual reproduction by fusing with hyphae of opposite mating type
The dikaryotic stage of ascomycetes produces…
Multiple zygotes increase the opportunity for genetic diversity
Asci produce spores by …
meiosis and mitosis
Basidiomycetes
large pgylum of fungi that include mutualists that form mycorrhizae, parasites, and important decomposers
Basidiomycete sexual lifecycle
long dikaryotic stage for lots of diversification
basidiocarps
elaborate fruiting bodies that respond to environemtnal stimuli in basidiomycetes
Decomposers
absorb carbon compounds and recycle essential nutrients back into the ecosystem
Mutualists
form important mutualistic relationships with plants, green algae, cyanobacteria and animals
Endophytes Definition
usually ascomycetes that live inside plants
endophytes functions
produce toxins that protect plants and increase tolerance to environmental stress
Lichen
a complex life form that is a symbiotic partnership a fungus and an alga
What dio fungus give to lichens?
thier shape/structure and protected habitat for algae or cyanobacteria
what do algae and cyanobacteria provide for a lichen?
glucose and can help fix nitrogen
________ % of fungal species are pathogens or parasites
30%
3 Practical uses of Fungi
eating, yeasts, medically (antibiotics)
fungi share a common ancestor with…
a protist relative (nuclearilds)
3 Features Unique to Animals
types of nutritional modes, types of cell structure and specialization, and details of reproduction and development
How do animals eat/digest?
get carbon from food and use enzymes to digest it
what provides extra cellular support in animal cells?
proteins like collagen
Most animals have the ability to move unlike other multicellular organisms due to…
muscle and nerve cells
how do most animals reproduce?
sexually with diploid dominating the lifecycle
sperm and egg are produced by…
meiosis (n)
What are the three steps after fertilization?
cleavage, blastula, and gastrulation
Cleavage
after fertilization the zygote undergoes a succession of cell divisions without growth
Blatula
after cleavage, hollow ball cells areformed in zygote
Gastrulation
after blastula, layers orembryonic tissue form that will develop into adult body parts
After gastrulation what 4 things should be formed in embryo?
endoderm, ectoderm, archenteron, and blastopore
endoderms and archenteron will develop into the…
digestive tract
Hox Genes
a group of related genes that play a crucial role in determining the body plan of an organism along the head-to-tail axis during development
what organisms have hox genes?
all animals except sponges
Are hox genes diverse?
no, the stay similar in structure and function across distantly related animals
what is responsible for large scale morphological changes in animals?
mutations in hox genes
larval stage
sexually immaturee form that many animals go through
when did the split between fungi and animals happen?
1 BYA
the common ancestor of all animals lived…
800-675 MYA
What are the closest living relatives of animals?
choanoflagellates (protist)
Neoproterozoic period time
1BYA - 542 MYA
Edicaran Biota
soft-bodied organism (565-550 MYA)
Paleozoic Period Time
542 - 251 MYA
What happened during the paleozoic period? (3)
cambrian explosion (535-525 MYA), emergence of active predators, decrease in diversity of soft-bodied animals
Why did the anmimal from change during the cambrian explosion? (3)
adaptations that improved active feeding (jaws) and defenses favoring some animals, increase in atmospheric oxygen allowed for larger animals and more active lifestyle, and origin of hox gene allowed for rapid evolution
During the paleozoic aminal life transitioned from ________ to ________ habitats
aqautic to terrestrial
when did arthropods happen?
460 MYA
when did vertebrates happen?
365 MYA
When was the Mesozoic Period?
251-65.5 MYA
4 big things from Mesozoic era
more diversity after mass extinction, formation of first coral reefs, some reptiles return to the ocean, and tetrapods dominate terrestrial habitats and start flying
when is cenozoic period?
65.5 MYA - present
what 2 things have happened in the Cenozoic period?
mass extinction of terrestrial and marine vertbrates that favor the rise of other vertebrates and rise/diversification of mammals and birds because of vacated ecological niches
sponges lack…
symmetry
evolutionary periods from oldest to newest
neoproteorozoic, paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic
Radial Symmetry
have a top side (where the
mouth is located) and bottom side but do not have a left or right sides
Bilateral Symmetry
animals with two axes of orientation – top and bottom, and left and right
dorsal side
top
ventral side
bottom
anterior end
front
posterior end
back
Bilaterally Symmetrical animals tend to have sensory equipment located in the…
anterior end
cephalization
some bilaterally symmetrical animals have brain and sensory system in the head
what lifestyles fit radially symmetrical animals?
sessile (attached to substrate) and plantonic (passive drifters)
what lifestyle fist bilaterally symmetrical animals?
active lifestyles
what animals don’t have tissues
sponges
diboplastic
animals from early lineages that have only two embryonic tissue layers
Ectoderm
outer ebryonic layer that gives rise to outer covering and nervous system
endoderm
inner embryonic layer gives rise to lining of digestive tract or cavity and organs
all bilaterally symmetrical animals are…
triploblastic - has three germ layers
mesoderm
middle embryonic layer that gives rise to muscle and most organs
coelom
a fluid or air-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall in triploblastic animals
what 3 types of animals are classified by coeloms?
coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate
where do true coeloms form?
from the mesoderm
Animals with coeloms are called…
coelomates
pseudocoelomates
animals with coeloms formed from mesoderm and endoderm
animals that lack coeloms…
acoelomates
Protostome Cleavage
spiral formation and determinate (cell fate is fixed early)
Deuterostome cleavage
radial structure (tiers) and indeterminate (early cells can develop into a whole organism)
coelom formation of protostome
Schizocoely - The mesoderm splits to form the coelom
coelom formation of Deuterostomes
Enterocoely - Coelom forms from bulges in the archenteron (primitive gut).
In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the…
mouth
In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the…
anus
body plans that have phylogenetic signal (help define groups) (3)
symmetry, devlopmentla patterns, tissues
Body plans that do not have phylogenetic signal (evolve independently)
body cavity formation
sponges are sister to…
eumetazoa
eumetazoa is a clade defined by…
having true tissue
most animals belong to what clade?
bilateria
aceolomate flatworms are the basal lineage of…
bilateria
three major clades of bilateria
dueterostomia, lophotrochozoa, ecydsozoa
what are the biggest group of invertebrates
arthropods
Porferia
lineage of animals that are sponges that are mostly marine
Porferia anatomy
has a large opening at the top to filter water through pores
spongocoel
central body cavity of porferia
osculum
top opening of porferia
chonaocytes/collar cells
in spoangeocoel of sponges that engulf food particles by phagocytosis
3 functions of amoebocytes in porferia
help digest food/deliver nutrients, make spicules, and can become other cells, giving the sponge flexibility
spicules
structures made by the amoebocytes that are the scrubby part of the sponge, which gives structural integrity
most sponges are… (reproduction)
hermaphrodites
Cnidaria
diverse animal phyla that are dipoloblastic (two layers) with radial symmetry with two forms
Polyp
a form of cnidaria that adheres to substrate and are immobile
Medusa
a form of cnidaria that is bell-shaped and free swimming
Medusa is associated with ________ reproduction
sexual
Polyp is associated with ________ reproduction
asexual
Cnidaria Sensory System
nerve net and muscles
how do cnidaria eat?
they are carnivores that use their stinging tentacles to capture prey
what are the 4 major clades of cnidaria
hydrozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthozoa
What are the trademarks of Lophotrocozoa
some develop lophophore (ring of tentacles) and others go through a trocophore (larval stage)
where do rotifers live
freshwater, marine and damp soil
what is an alimentary canal
digestive tube with two openings
how do rotifers eat
use jaws in the pharnyx to eat microorganisms
flatworm habitat
marine, freshwater and damp
environments
why are flatowrms flattened dorsoventrally
Maximizes surface area for gas and nutrient exchange
what do flatworms lack
organs specialized for gas exchange and a circulatory system
Planarians
free livng flatworms that are freshwater predators of smaller animals or scavengers and they move by gliding along a thin layer of
secreted mucus
how do free living flatwroms reproduce
asexually through fission dividing into anterior and posterior halves and cross fertilization because adults are usually hermaphrodites
Unique charateristics of parasitic flatworms (3)
suckers that attach to host, tough epidermis, reproductive organs occupy most of the body
Trematodes
a parasitic flatworm that alternates between sexual and asexual and normally have intermediate hosts
5 steps of reproduction for trematodes
Reproduce sexually in human
host, Eggs excreted in feces, Eggs develop into ciliated larvae which infects an intermediate hosts – snails, Larva develop in snail until they reach a motile stage, Motile larva enter human host through the skin
schistosomiasis symptoms
pain, anemia, diarhhea
where do adult tapeworms live
digestive tract of host
body composition of tapeowrm
mostly reproductive organs
how do tapeworms eat
absorb nutrients from the host
Scolex
the anterior end of a tapeworm with suckers and hooks allow for attachment to the host
Proglottids
sexual organs in tapeworms that can contain thousands of eggs, which are shed and excreted
