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Bio 141 > Protists - Supplemental #5 > Flashcards

Protists - Supplemental #5 Flashcards

1
Q

Protist

A

monophyletic group of non-plant, non-fungi eukaryotes

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2
Q

all eukaryotes and protists have…

A

a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles like Golgi apparatus and mitochondria

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3
Q

protists are more structurally complex than…

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

most groups of prokaryotes are…

A

unicellular

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5
Q

some protists are…

A

colonial

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6
Q

protists have the most _________ ___ ______ of all cells

A

complex cell structure

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7
Q

protists are nutritionally diverse because…

A

all have mitochondria and some have plastids

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8
Q

3 modes of nutrition for protists

A

chemoheterotrophs (heterotrophs), photoautotrophs (photosynthetic), and mixotrophs (both)

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9
Q

protists can reproduce ______ and ________

A

sexually and asexually

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10
Q

asexual reproduction

A

binary fission

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11
Q

sexual reproduction

A

alternation of meiosis to produce gametes (haploid) and fertilization to produce zygotes (diploid)

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12
Q

Plastid Primary Endosymbiosis

A

a heterotrophic eukaryote forming a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria (photosynthetic prokaryote) resulting in a photosynthetic eukaryote (red and green algae)

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13
Q

Plastid Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

a heterotrophic eukaryote forming a symbiotic relationship

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14
Q

How can plastids of secondary endosymbiosis be identified?

A

they have 3-4 membranes

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15
Q

4 subgroups of protsts

A

excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

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16
Q

what two supergroups contain only protist?

A

exacavata and SAR

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17
Q

what two supergroups contain protists and multicellular non-protists?

A

archaeplastida and unikonta

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18
Q

what are the three lineages of excavates?

A

Diplomonads and Parabasalids and Euglenozoans

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19
Q

which two lineages of excavates lack plastids, have mitochondria and mostly live in anarobic environments?

A

Diplomonads and Parabasalids

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20
Q

diplomonads

A

Modified mitochondria called mitosomes that lack functional electron transport chains,
Get their energy from anaerobic
respiration, Have 2 nuclei and multiple flagella., Most are parasites

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21
Q

Giardia Lamblia

A

diplomonad parasite that infects gits of mammals, spreads through contaminated drinking water, causes diarrhea, and can be killed by boiling

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22
Q

Parabalids

A

lineage of excavata that have a reduced mitochondria , hydrigenoseomes - generate energy anaerobically

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23
Q

Trichosomas Vaginalis

A

type of parabasalid that is sexually transmitted, infects 5 million people/year and lives in human reproductive and urinary tracts

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24
Q

Euglenozoans

A

lineage of excavata - a diverse group that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic
autotrophs, and parasites that are characterized by the presence of a rod in flagella with either a
spiral or crystalline structure

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25
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

a type of euglenozoans that have a single large mitochondrion called a kinetoplast, they feed on prokaryotes in freshwater, marine
and terrestrial ecosystems

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26
Q

Trypanosoma

A

a kinetoplastid blood parasite that causes sleeping sickness and chagas disease

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27
Q

euglenids

A

a group of eugelonzoans that is identified by a pocket that contains 2 flagella, Many species are mixotrophs and are photosynthetic due to secondary endosymbiosis
of green algae.

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28
Q

SAR

A

supergroups of protists that are made up of stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizara

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29
Q

stremonopiles and alveolates are…

A

sister taxa

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30
Q

Things stremonopiles and Alveolates have in common

A

Ancestor is a product of secondary endosymbiosis with red algae, some lineages have plastids of red algal origin, some lineages have lost plastids but retain red algal DNA

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31
Q

what taxa of SAR is the earliest diverging lineage?

A

Rhizaria where many of the species are amobas with pseudopodia

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32
Q

what are stremonpiles characterized by?

A

“hairy” flagella paired with
“smooth” flagella

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33
Q

four subgroups of stremenophiles

A

diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, oomycetes

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34
Q

Diatoms

A

group of stremenopiles that are unicellular algae with unique glass-
like walls made of silicon dioxide
embedded in a matrix and one of the most abundant aquatic
photosynthetic organisms on earth

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35
Q

what is a major component of phytoplankton with an estimated 100k species?

A

diatoms

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36
Q

when was the earliest fossil record of diatoms

A

diatomaceous earth

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37
Q

Golden Algae

A

unicellular algae that can exist colonially

38
Q

Where does the coloration of golden algae come from

A

red and brown cartenoids in plastids

39
Q

where is golden algae found

A

marine and freshwater plankton

40
Q

all ______ _____ are photosynthetic and some are mixotrophic

A

golden algae

41
Q

how do golden algae persist when environmental conditions

A

production of protective cysts

42
Q

Brown Algae

A

type of stremenopiles multicellular algae called seaweed, the largest and most complex protest, most are marine, complex multicellularity with specialized tissues that superficially resemble plants, reproduce sexually

43
Q

oomycetes

A

a type of stramenopiles that include water molds and their relatives, previously classified as fungi

44
Q

why do oomycetes have superficial similarities with fungi

A

convergent evolution

45
Q

how to oomycetes acquire nutrients?

A

decomposers or parasites

46
Q

where do oomycetes grow?

A

dead algae and animals in freshwater

47
Q

some _________ live on land as plant parasites

48
Q

Alveolates

A

a supergroup of SAR, have membrane-bound sacs (alveoli) under the plasma membrane

49
Q

what is the function of alveoli?

A

unknown, may be to help stabilize the cell surface or regulate water and ion content

50
Q

3 subgroups of alveolates

A

Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, and Cilliates

51
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

a subgroup of alveolates that have a reinforced cellulose plate “armor” with two flagella causing them to spin as they move

52
Q

where do dinoflagellates live

A

marine and freshwater environments

53
Q

________ can be photosynthetic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic

A

dinoflagellates

54
Q

_________’s explosive population growth cause blooms called red tides

A

dinoflagellate

55
Q

Red Tide

A

color due to carotenoids pigments in plastids, toxins cause massive kills and invertebrates and fish

56
Q

Apicomplexans

A

a group of alveolates that are parasites of animals that can cause serious disease in humans

57
Q

Apicomplexans lifecycle

A

complex with sexual and asexual components

58
Q

what alveolate has one part of the lifecycle that contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host tissue at the apex of the cell?

A

apicomplexans

59
Q

what has led to the re-emergence of malaria?

A

resistance in mosquitos to pesticides and plasmodium to anti-protozoal

60
Q

how many ppl per year are infected and die from malaria and is there a vaccine?

A

250 mil ppl a year infected, 900k ppl/year die and no vaccine

61
Q

Ciliates

A

a group of alveolates that use cilia for locomotion

62
Q

Rhizaria

A

a lineage of SAR where many of them are amobas (protists that move and feed via pseudopodia)

63
Q

Radiolarians

A

a type of rhizaria that has delicate, symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica

64
Q

what type of rhizaria have pseudopodia radiating from the central body and are reinforced by microtubules

A

radiolarians

65
Q

What are the three types of rhizaria?

A

radiolarians, forams, and cercozonans

66
Q

Forams

A

type of rhizaria that is characterized by porous shells called tests made of calcium carbonate

67
Q

how are the pseudopodia arranged in forams?

A

they extend through pores in the test(porous shells) that are used for feeding, locomotion, and test formation

68
Q

how do the forams “eat”

A

photosynthetic symbiotic algae

69
Q

Cercozoans

A

a type of rhizaria - photosynthetic species likely the result of primary endosymbiosis from a different cyanobacteria

70
Q

what type of rhizaria is one of the most important predators of bacteria?

A

cercozoans

71
Q

Archeaplastida

A

a supergroup of protists that is derived from primary endosymbiosis in cyanobacteria about 1 billion years ago

72
Q

what supergroup of protists include land plants that arose about 475 MYA that are a sister group to green algae

A

archeaplastida

73
Q

what are the two lineages of archeaplastida

A

red algae and green algae

74
Q

red algae

A

lineage of archeaplastida that is the most abundant multicellular algae found in warm coastal waters

75
Q

where does red algae get its color

A

phycoerythrin

76
Q

what type of algae has diverse lifecycles

77
Q

green algae

A

a type of archeaplastida that could soon be consumed into the plant kingdom, most live in freshwater and some live in marine and terrestrial

78
Q

Carophytes

A

a type of green algae that is most closely related to land plants

79
Q

Chlorophytes

A

a group of green algae that include unicellular, colonial and multicellular species

80
Q

what is a colonial species

A

one that lives in organized colonies

81
Q

what are the types of green algae?

A

charophytes and chlorophytes

82
Q

Unikonta

A

a supergroup of protists that may belong to an early diverging group of eukaryotes

83
Q

what are the two categories of unikonta?

A

amoebozoans and opisthokonts

84
Q

opisthokonts

A

a type of unikonta that are protists, fungi and animals

85
Q

amoebozoans

A

a type of unikonta that is only protists that are tube or lobe shaped

86
Q

what are the three types of amoebobzoans?

A

slime molds, tubulins, entamoeba

87
Q

slime mold

A

type of amoebozoans - a plasmodial, cellular protist once though to be fungi because they produce fruiting bodies to disperse spores and are differentiated by differences in life cycles

88
Q

Tubulinids

A

type of amobozoans - diverse unicellular protists that live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats

89
Q

Entamoebas

A

type of amoebozoans - most are parasites of animals, causes amoebic dysentery that kills 100k per year

90
Q

key examples of SAR

A

pfisteria, plasmodium, paramecium

91
Q

key examples of Archeoplastida

A

porphyra, chalmydomous -ulva

Bio 141 (9 decks)

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