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Bio 141 > Bacteria and Archea - Supplemental #4 > Flashcards

Bacteria and Archea - Supplemental #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes are the most abundant group of organisms because of what three reasons?

A

diverse structures can live in extreme conditions and genetic diversity

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2
Q

3 characteristics of prokaryotes

A

small single-celled organisms, a variety of shapes, and distinctive cell walls

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3
Q

all archea have cell walls made of a variety of ________ and ______

A

polysaccharides and proteins

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4
Q

all bacteria have cell walls made of…

A

peptidoglycan (polymer made of modified sugars and peptides)

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5
Q

Gram-positive bacteria cell wall structure

A

single membrane

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6
Q

Gram-negative bacteria cell wall structure

A

double membrane

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7
Q

antibiotics work by…

A

interfering with cell wall production in bacteria

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8
Q

_________ bacteria aren’t susceptible to most antibiotics because….

A

gram-negative, the outer membrane (capsule) protects the cell wall from antibiotics

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9
Q

Capsule Definiton

A

sticky outer layer surrounding the cell walls of many bacteria

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10
Q

Capsule Function

A

more efficient adhesion protects from dehydration, prevents invasion from pathogens

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11
Q

Fimbrae

A

short hair-like appendages that surround the cell and help some bacteria stick to their substrate

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12
Q

Endospores

A

dormant structures that help bacteria survive in ung=favorable conditions - formed when nutrients are scarce

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13
Q

prokaryotes are capable of very fast locomotion normally because of…

A

flagella

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14
Q

most flagella are made the…

A

same

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15
Q

flagella in archea and bacteria are made of different proteins which suggests…

A

convergent evolution of flagella (don’t share a recent common ancestor but they have similar characteristic due to similar environmental pressures)

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16
Q

bacteria and archea lack internal…

A

membranes because of membrane infolding

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17
Q

in prokaryotes, DNA is contained in a…

A

single circular chromosome

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18
Q

Plasmids

A

small rings of additional DNA outside of the circular chromosome that usually only contain a few genes found in some prokaryotes

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19
Q

Prokaryotes DNA replication Machinery

A

same as eukaryotes except for ribosomes which have different protein and RNA content

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20
Q

prokaryotes undergo rapid reproduction by…

A

binary fission

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21
Q

prokaryotes can evolve rapidly because of…

A

short generation time and rapid reproduction (high genetic variation)

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22
Q

What three questions did the Cooper and Lenski experiment ask?

A

What is necessary for natural selection to occur in the experimental population? What is the source of variation? What trait is favored in this experiment, and why?

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23
Q

Horizontal Transfer/Genetic Recombination

A

process where genetic material is transferred between organisms not in a direct paren-offspring relationship

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24
Q

what cells does horizontal transfer/genetic recombination happen in?

A

recombinant cells

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25
what are recombinant cells
transformed cells that incorporate foreign DNA
26
What are the three methods of Horizontal Transfer/Genetic Recombination?
Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation
27
Transformation
method of Horizontal Transfer/Genetic Recombination - the ability of individual cells to uptake foreign genetic material from surroundings
28
Transduction
method of Horizontal Transfer/Genetic Recombination - virus (bacteriophages) carry prokaryotic DNA from one individual to another
29
what do bacteriophages do?
they inject DNA from a donor into another cell
30
Conjugation
DNA is transferred directly from one prokaryotic cell to another
31
conjugation requires...
f-factor (fertility)
32
f-factor (fertility)
genes that can form pilli(thin hairs) and transfer DNA - can be on the chromosome or plasmid
33
when an f+ cell (has f-factor) is in the plasmid...
the entire plasmid (including the f-factor) is copied and transformed to recipient cells which results in a new F+ cell
34
When f-factor is on the chromosome (HFr cell) and recombines...
f- remains because of the lack of homologous region in the DNA of the recipient but may gain a new allele, degrades unincorporated DNA, including the f-factor
35
How are R plasmids similar to f+ plasmids?
they encode for pilli and enable DNA transfer through conjugation
36
How are R plasmids different than f+ plasmids?
they contain genes for antibiotic resistance
37
R plasmids can carry up to ____ genes that allow for antibiotic resistance
10
38
Photoautotroph energy source
light
39
photoautotroph carbon source
CO2, HCO3 or a related compound
40
types of photoautotrophs
photosynthetic (plants) and prokaryotes (cyanobacteria - photosynthetic bacteria)
41
chemoautotroph energy source
inorganic chemicals like H2S, NH3, Fe-2
42
chemoautotroph carbon source
CO2, HCO3 or a related compound
43
types of chemoautotrophs
certain prokaryotes
44
photoheterotroph energy source
light
45
photohetertroph carbon source
organic compounds
46
types of photoheterotroph
certain aquatic and salt-loving prokaryotes
47
chemoheterotroph energy source
organic compounds
48
chemoheterotroph carbon source
organic compounds
49
types of chemoheterotrophs
many prokaryotes, protists, fungi, animals, and some plants
50
obligate aerobes
require oxygen for cellular respiration
51
obligate anaerobes
are poisoned by oxygen, some use fermentation and some use chemical energy
52
facultative anaerobes
can use oxygen and fermentation
53
nitrogen is necessary to make..
amino acids
54
what is fixing nitrogen?
converting atmospheric forms of nitrogen to ammonia and then amino acids (cyanobacteria)
55
nitrogen fixation by prokaryotes serves as ann important source of usable nitrogen for...
eukaryotes
56
in anabaena (cyanobacteria) cells from _____ ________ and some cells ____ ________
all cyanobacteria from colonial filaments, some fix nitrogen
57
heterocysts
cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen
58
cooperation between species of prokaryotes is facilitated through the production of ...
biofilms
59
what is a biofilm
communities of microorganisms that stick to surfaces and are enclosed in a protective matrix
60
cell produce _____ and _______ that allow cells to stick together and to the substrate
polysaccharides and proteins
61
prokaryote waste and nutrients are moved through...
biofilms
62
archaea are unique because....
they can survive in extreme environments
63
halophiles
archaea that live in high salinity environments - some require extreme salinity and some can tolerate it
64
Methanogens
archaea found in oxygen poor areas- use carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce energy and methane and some are obligated anaerobes
65
thermophiles
archaea that thrive in hot environments - due to adaptations in their DNA and proteins
66
4 ways prokaryotes do chemical recycling
(1) decomposers - returning unavailable organic matter back to the ecosystem (2) plants converting carbon dioxide to sugars (3) nitrogen fixation (4) increase availability of other essential nutrients
67
symbiotic relationship
positively associates with another organism - how eukaryotes originated and they became mitochondria and chloropasts
68
parasite/pathogen
cause disease/death and likely a significant selection pressure on many organisms
69
we have _____ bacteria that live in our intestines to help break down food
mutualistic
70
pathogenic prokaryotes cause what proportion of human disease
half
71
bacteria cause disease by producing...
toxins
72
exotoxin
protein secreted by bacteria
73
endotoxin
component of the outer membrane of a gram-negative bacteria (double membrane) released after they die
74
antibiotics have been reducing disease for...
100 years

Bio 141 (10 decks)

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