test 3 Flashcards
Cognition
mental activity of obtaining, converting, and using knowledge
Thinking
transforming information to make a decision, solve a problem, or form a belief
Intelligence
Innate (inborn) ability to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experiences
Theories of Intelligence:
Spearman g
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
G-Factor
General Intelligence, Single aptitude for verbal, spatial, and reasoning abilities
Multiple Intelligence:
8 Frames of Mind
Linguistic- writing, verbal, language
Logical-Mathematical- numbers, patterns, logic
Musical- pitch, rhythm, sound quality
Spatial- visual arts, rotations, dilations, navigation
Bodily-Kinesthetic- dexterity, body control, “work with hands”
Interpersonal- “between people,” social perceptions, read moods
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic- classify objects, environment, living things
Triarchic: 3 Separate aptitudes
Analytical- Problem solving-book smart
Creative- Handle new problems–experiential smart
Practical- Adjust to new environments–street smart
Intelligence Tests & Intelligence Quotient Scores
measure aptitude; aptitude- innate ability (IQ), achievement- learned material (ACT/SAT)
Reliability & Validity
Similar results every time..consistent over time; Measures what it is supposed to measure
Normed & Standardized
Average scores are published for comparison (age, gender, socio-economic, etc. Standardized Conditions
Standard Deviation
Variation or dispersion of scores
SD small: Scores close together & close to the mean
SD big: Scores farther apart & farther from the mean
Definition of Motivation
A stimulus or force that can direct the way we behave, think, and feel
Motivation
Guided- Set a goal to do something
Energized- Go after goals with excitement
Persistent-Determined/tenacious to achieve goals!
Connection between motivation and Operant Learning?
Learning through reinforcement/incentive
Motivated by food, water, affection, etc.
Extrinsic
External…motivated by reward, praise, candy, salary, etc.
Intrinsic
Internal…from within
Doing an activity for inherent joy or personal satisfaction
Emotions
a psychological state that includes a personal/subjective inner-experience… instinctive/intuitive
Emotion also has a physiological component
emotion has a behavioral expression
Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory – innate behaviors pre-programmed, evolutionary, survival
Drive Reduction Theory – “homeostasis” – reduce biological urgings/cravings (drives)
Arousal Theory – need stimulation and excitement
Incentive Theory – getting something for your efforts – being reinforced
Hierarchy of Needs – motivated to seek fulfillment of our needs: physiological, psychological, and self-fulfillment
Emotions and Motivation are intertwined
Emotions can motivate behaviors: E —–> B
Motivation can influence emotions M —–> E
Social Psychology vs Sociology
Social Psychology- Focus on individual behavior in social settings
Sociology- Focus on group/culture: how a group functions within society
Attitudes
relatively stable thoughts, feelings, and responses toward people, situations, ideas, and things
conformity
adopting attitudes or behaviors of others because of pressure to do so; the pressure can be real or imagined
Asch’s experiments on conformity
all but 1 in group was confederate
seating was rigged
asked to rate which line matched a ‘standard’ line
confederates were unstructured to pick the wrong line 12/18 times
obedience
changing behavior because we have been ordered to do so by an authority figure
compliance of person is due to perceived authority of asker; request is perceived as command
why did they conform to clearly wrong choices in Aschs experiments
Subjects reported having doubted their own perceptual abilities which led to their conformance – didn’t report seeing the lines the way the confederates had
Stanley Milgram’s study
teacher and learner (learner always confederate: teacher is experimental Group), watch learner expresses concern over his “heart condition”, teacher is given a 45 volt shock so see what it feels like
learner protests more and more as shock increases
experimenter continues to request obedience even if teachers balks
65% went all the way (even those who complained)
normative influence
“to fit in” or be normal…don’t rock the boat!
informational influence
“smarter than me” other people have the information
three basic elements of love
intimacy, commitment, passion
8 types of love built on 3 components
nonlove- aquantances/people you know (No Element)
Weak (1 Element)
liking- friendships/share secrets
infatuation- love at first sight/hormonal
empty love- married with no spark (arranged)
Moderate (2 Elements)
romantic love- long term but not married
fatuous love- whirlwind courtship/married
companionate love- long term married/no spark, student/teacher, family bonds
Strongest (3 Elements)
consummate love- love of parent/child; marriages still in love with spark
