quiz 3 Flashcards
Nucleus
a small egg-shaped structure inside the cell which acts like the brain of the cell, inside Soma
Cell body
(Soma) contains nucleus, main part
Dendrites
receive information; tree branch things
Axon
passes the signal along, surrounds Soma, long tail between Soma and axon terminal
Myelin sheath
fatty cells around the axon which increases speed, wrapped around the axon in spiral fashion
Nodes of ranvier
each gap in the myelin sheath
Axon terminal (buds)
release the message, bottom of the axon
Synaptic gap
the space in between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another
Be able to label Axon, Myelin Sheath, Soma, Axon Hillock, Neurotransmitters, Synaptic Gap, Axon Terminal, Nodes of Ranvier, Terminal Buds, Dendrites, Nucleus
figure that one out idk
3 types of neurons
sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons; messages carried by electrical impulses, all or none response
Sensory neurons
brings in information from body’s sense receptors
Interneurons
the CNS (central nervous system) neurons that relay information between sensory inputs and motor outputs
Motor Neurons
carry outgoing information from the CNS (central nervous system) to muscles and glands
Communication within neurons
from dendrites to axon terminals; messages carried (in one direction) by electrical impulses, recorded as the all-or-none action potential (spike potential)
Action potential…
either fires or it doesn’t, no such thing as a ‘little’ reaction
Strength/Seriousness of stimulus determined by…
sensory neurons firing more often, sensory neurons delievering to more neurons
Neurotransmitters
chemicals which facilitate communication between 2 neurons in the synapse
If some neighboring neurons send inhibitory signals…
neuron will not fire
If enough neurons send excitatory signals…
neurons fires
Neurotransmitter from neuron ‘A’…
can either excite (excitatory) or hinder (inhibitory) neuron ‘B’ from firing its own potential action
Acetylcholine
learning, memory, muscle contractions; Alzheimer’s disease
Dopamine
movement, thought processes, rewarding sensations; Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, drug addiction
Serotonin
emotional states, sleep; depression
Nonrepinephrine
physical arousal, learning, memory; depression, stres
GABA
inhibition of brain activity; anxiety disorders
Endorphins
pain perception, positive emotions; opiate addiction
Two ways synthetic drugs are designed to impact neurotransmitters
an agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response (boosts), while an antagonist is a chemical that blocks the activation of a receptor (blocks)
Basic chemistry of the Resting Potential to Action Potential to Resting Potential concept
the resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV inside cell, nerve/neuron is stimulated at dendrite by a message from another neuron, chemical “reaction” causes the cell to reach -55mV at axon hillock, first segment opens on axon (reaches +30 mV), action potential fires, moves down the axon toward terminal, jumps from node to node, after each section fires, it “chemically” goes back to -70mV for resting state
