test 2 Flashcards
Consciousness
“The subjective state of being currently aware of something either within oneself or outside of oneself.” Being aware of your thoughts and/or the environment around you
Content of Consciousness vs State of Consciousness
content: going on in the brain
state: perception (awareness)
Automatic Processing
brain is constantly sifting through stimuli w/o conscious effort
Controlled Processing
a mental process that requires conscious attention and effort, and is used to perform novel or difficult tasks
Selective Attentiveness
narrow focus on select stimuli even though brain still monitors all stimuli;hearing name mentioned at a
party/being able to concentrate on one conversation
at a party- cocktail party effect
Inattentional Blindness
look without see
Hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness allowing for changes in behaviors and perceptions which result from suggestions made by a hypnotist
Circadian Rhythm “Circa Diem”
biological clock; 24 hour cycle of daylight/darkness impacts physiological and behavioral functioning… means about a day
Stage 1 (Stages of Sleep)
beta waves; drowsy: alpha waves. non rapid eye movement (non-REM)
Stage N1 (Stages of Sleep)
kind of awake/kind of asleep; lasts a few minutes; once per night theta waves
Stage N2 (Stages of Sleep)
slightly deeper than N1; body temp drops/heart rates slows; theta waves with spindles (spikes) and k-complexes (waves)
Stage N3 (Stages of Sleep)
slow wave sleep (Deep sleep); muscles relax/blood pressure & breathing rates drop; delta waves
Stage R (Stages of Sleep)
goes back to N2 without waking, enter Stage R: rapid eye movement sleep (Dream Sleep); faster and shorter waves like beta waves
Sleep Cycle
(Wake) + N1 + N2 + N3 + (N2) REM = 90 Minutes (times 4-6); cycles are not equally distributed: N3(deep sleep) heavy for first 2 cycles N3 vanishes; REM periods get longer through night; nearly half of the night is in N2
Sigmund Freuds Theory
“royal road to the unconscious,” manifest content vs latent content
Information processing Theory
process information which is critical to survival; lots of daily stimulation -dreaming allows us to decide what to keep
Activation-Synthesis Theory
neurons in pons fire at random; higher brain centers struggle to make
sense of the messages being sent; dreams have no real meaning; brain imaging technique shows the limbic system VERY active during dreaming
Extension of Waking Life Theory
what people dream about is very similar
to what people do in their everyday life; pre-sleep moments may greatly influence what we dream
Why Do We Sleep
Restorative (Body/Brain Repair)
Evolutionary (Survival)
Consolidation (Memories & Learning)
Sleep Disorders
insomnia, somnambulism, (sleepwalking), Narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorders, sleep terrors, sleep apnea
Impact of Sleep Loss
fatigue, impaired concentration, depressed immunity; vulnerable to: anxiety, weight gain, accidents, heart disease, dementia, etc.
3 Classifications of Psychoactive Drugs and How they Impact Consciousness
depressants – slow down the function of the central nervous system.
hallucinogens – affect your senses and change the way you see, hear, taste, smell or feel things.
stimulants – speed up the function of the central nervous system.
Two Types of Dependence
Psychological dependence craving is indicated when theres a distinction between tolerance and withdrawal, while physiological dependence is when the body cant function properly without the drug
Withdrawal
If someone is physiologically dependent on drugs and begins the process of quitting, they are likely to suffer the effects of this
Tolerance
Persistent use of drugs alters the chemistry of the brain/body. Needing increasing amounts of the drug to obtain the same effect is called this
Manifest Content vs Latent Content
the manifest content of a dream is what literally happens in it, while latent content is what the dream symbolizes
Learning
a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experience; We learn by associations
Conditioning
the process of learning associations; A form of learning involving
stimulus-response connections where the response is dependent on the stimulus
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov, Russian physiologist, studying the digestive system of dogs, Founder of Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
initial learning of a response
Extinction
the Conditioned Stimulus no longer signals the Conditioned Response
Spontaneous Recovery
the reappearance, after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response
Stimulus Generalization
the tendency for similar stimuli to evoke a similar response
Stimulus Discrimination
the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and a similar stimulus
Founder of Behaviorism
John B Watson, Little Albert Experiment, Classically conditioned emotional responses into people
Little Albert Experiment
11 month old infant
Conditioned him to fear a white rat
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - Loud Noise
Unconditioned Response
(UCR) - Fear and Crying
Neutral Stimulus - which becomes - Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – Rat
Conditioned Response (CR) - Fear and Crying
Albert’s fear became generalized to dogs, cotton, rabbits, and a Santa mask
Operant Conditioning
BF Skinner (1904 - 1990)
Different from classical conditioning in two major ways
Voluntary Behavior not reflex
Reinforcement happens after response
Difference between Classical & Operant Conditioning
classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence
Shaping
a process where steps towards the desired behavior are reinforced
Reinforcer
Reinforcement: Anything that increases the frequency of a behavior
Primary Reinforcers - food, water, sex - don’t have to be learned
Secondary Reinforcers (or Conditioned)must be learned - money, praise, good grades
Reinforcements
Positive Reinforcement – ADDING something that is desirable, or pleasant
Negative Reinforcement IS NOT THE SAME AS PUNISHMENT
Negative Reinforcement - SUBTRACTING something unpleasant (aversive) - still increases behavior
Punishments
Punishment decreases the frequency of a behavior
Positive Punishment – ADDING something unpleasant that decreases behavior
Negative Punishment – SUBTRACTING something pleasant that decreases behavior
Punishment ≠Negative Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio
Reinforcement based on “responses”
Variable Ratio is most resistant to extinction…thus the issue with gambling!
Fixed Interval, Variable Interval
Fixed Ratio
reinforce behavior for a set number of responses - ex. Piece Work
Variable Ratio
reinforce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses - ex. Slot Machines
Fixed Interval
reinforcers come after a fixed amount of time - response rate has no effect on the timing of reinforcers - ex. Salaried employees
Variable Interval
reinforce the response after a variable amount of time - ex. pop quiz
Observational Learning
Albert Bandura; We learn not only through
direct experience but also
through observing others
Classic Bobo Doll Experiment
Modeling
Bobo the Doll Experiment
demonstrated that children can learn aggressive behavior by observing an adult model acting aggressively towards an inflatable clown doll called “Bobo,” highlighting the concept of observational learning and supporting his Social Learning Theory
Modeling
the process through which children learn a large number of behaviors, skills and, ways of thinking and feeling without direct experience
