quiz 6 Flashcards
Camps on Development
Nature vs. Nurture- explores the relative contributions of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) to human traits and behavior
Stages vs. Continuity- “stages” implies distinct, sequential phases with clear boundaries, while “continuity” suggests a gradual, ongoing process with no sharp breaks
Stability vs. Change- explores whether personality traits, present at birth, remain constant or evolve throughout the lifespan
Domains of Development
Physical
Cognitive
Psychological/Social
Genetic contributions
23 Pairs of Chromosomes - threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes
20,000 – 25,000 genes
23 chromosomes from egg, 23 from sperm
XX - Female XY – Male
X or Y from Sperm
Genetic Abnormalities
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
Turner Syndrome (X)
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Genotype
an individual’s unique genetic makeup
Phenotype
an individual’s observed characteristics
Germinal Stage: Zygote
Conception to 3 weeks
Cells divide (blastocyst)
Fewer than 1/2 survive
Attaches to uterine wall
Embryonic Stage: Embryo
3 weeks to 8 weeks
Cells begin to differentiate in structure and function
Body organs begin to form
Heart begins to beat
In gestational sac
Testosterone secreted in males
Fetal Stage: Fetus
9 weeks to birth
By 6 months internal organs formed to allow survival
Recognize mother’s voice in utero
Full term: 38-40 weeks
Teratogens
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
No safe amount of alcohol when expecting!
Small head
Wide-set eyes
Flattened nose
Odds of FAS 1 in 67
Major Newborn Reflexes
Rooting—turn head and open mouth in the direction of touch on cheek
Sucking—sucking in response to oral stimulation
Grasping—the baby will grip your fingers so tightly that he can be lifted upright
Others:
Babinski- foot
Stepping
Moro- startle
Perceptual Abilities
Newborn is extremely nearsighted
Image of a human face holds the newborn’s gaze longer than other images
Range of sight is about 6 to 12 inches
Hour after birth a preference for mom’s voice and smell
Motor Skills
AVERAGES!!
Lift Head and Shoulders: 2 Months
Sit Without Support: 6 – 7 Months
Stand: 9 Months
Walk: 12 Months
Categories of Temperament
Easy—adaptable, positive mood, regular habits (40%)
Difficult—intense emotions, irritable, cry frequently (10%)
Slow to warm up—low activity, somewhat slow to adapt, withdraw from new situations (15%)
Average—unable to classify (35%)
Attachment
The emotional bond that forms between the infant and
caregivers during the first year of life
Studied by Mary Ainsworth – Strange Situation Experiment
Mothers and infants brought into a room and researchers observed their interaction
Secure Attachment
strong self-esteem, high EQ, better social skills. Independent, better academics, fewer mental health issues.
Insecure Attachment
difficulty forming healthy relationships ,more likely to develop behavioral problems. Trust issues and confidence in others.
Language Development
Noam Chomsky – Universal Grammar
Infant Directed Speech – Engages Babies (Sing-Songy)
Cooing – 3 months (Vowels)
Babbling – 5 months (Consonants)
First Words – 12 months (Along with finger pointing (object identification))
Holophrases – 14 – 18 months (Single word)
Telegraphic –18 months (2 word)
3,000 words – 3 years (Language explosion)
Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980)
4 Stages
Definite Progression-set order/can’t skip/builds
Cognitive Development is a way of adapting to the environment
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
Birth - 2 years
Experience the world through
senses and actions
Object Permanence - 8 months
- Objects still exist even when not seen
Stranger Anxiety - begins at 8 months
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
2 - 6 years
Pre-logical (intuition)
Language Development
Ability to pretend
Egocentrism
Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
7 - 11 years
Thinking logically about concrete events
Grasp analogies
Conservation
Math Transformations
Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage
Age 12 – Adult
Abstract reasoning - can reason about things they can’t see:
hypothesize
Understand Theories
Sex
the biological category of male or female
Gender
cultural, social, and psychological meanings associated with masculinity or femininity
Gender roles
behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits designated either masculine or feminine in a given culture
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood - usually considered the span from puberty to independence from parents
Adolescence is expanding in recent years
Puberty
Process of attaining sexual maturity and reproductive ability
Primary Sex Characteristics - Reproductive Organs
Secondary Sex Characteristics- non- reproductive traits of men and women
First Ejaculation (Spermarche) in boys and menstrual cycle (Menarche) in girls turning points on the way to maturity
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian – rigid control, demand total obedience
Permissive – almost no control, low structure
Uninvolved – indifferent, low
warmth, emotionally detached
Authoritative – firm structure and guidance without rigid control
Erikson’s Theory of Development
Psychological development based on social relationships; outlines eight stages, each characterized by a specific conflict or crisis that individuals must navigate to develop a healthy personality and sense of self
Trust vs Mistrust
birth – 18 months (infancy), trust others has faith in others vs Mistrusts others expects the worst of people
Autonomy vs. Doubt
18 mo. – 3 yrs (early childhood), learns to be autonomous and independent vs learns to feel shame and doubt when freedom to explore is restricted
Initiative vs. Guilt
3 – 6 yrs (preschool), becomes more responsible shows the ability to follow through vs develops guilt and anxiety when unable to handle responsibilities
Industry vs. Inferiority
6 - 12 years (school age), feels a sense of accomplishment and increased self esteem vs feels inferiority or incompetence which can later lead to unstable work habits
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescence, tries out roles and emerges with a strong sense of values, beliefs, and goals vs lacks a solid identity, experiences withdrawal, isolation, or continued role confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young Adulthood (25-40), creates meaningful, deep relationships vs lives in isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle Adulthood (40-65), makes a positive impact on the next generation through parenting, community involvement, or work that is valuable and significant vs experiences boredom, conceit, and selfishness
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Late Adulthood (65- death), feels a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction vs feels regret and dissatisfaction
Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning
Making decisions about social
justice and ethical issues
3 Levels
6 Stages of Development
Most people covered in the first 4 stages
Criticisms of Kohlberg based on gender and differences between reasoning and behavior Heinz Dilemma
pre-conventional level
<6 (self), stage 1- punishment and obedience oreintation [moral behavior determined by what is punished]
stage 2- instrumental-relativist orientation [moral behavior determined by what is received in exchange]
conventional level
7-11 years (self & community) stage 3- interpersonal- concordance orientation [moral behavior determined by approval of others]
stage 4- law and order orientation [moral behavior determined by strict adherence to societal laws]
post conventional
> 11 (others) stage 5- social contract, legalistic orientation [moral behavior determined by societal laws, which adapt to meet needs of society]
stage 6- universal ethical principle orientation [moral behavior guided- by universal principles of justice and equality]
Physical Changes in Adulthood
With each decade after age 20, efficiency of body organs declines
Strength typically peaks in early adulthood (20s & 30s)
40s - mid-60s - strength & endurance gradually decline & reaction time slows
Mid-60s+ - stamina and reaction time tend to decline further and faster
Social Changes in Adulthood
Intimacy is the key task of Young Adulthood
Generativity is the key task of Middle Adulthood
Adults typically have fewer friends than adolescents do
Cognitive Changes in Adulthood
Abilities remain relatively stable until 60
70s -90s show slight but significant declines in memory, perceptual speed, and fluency
Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease - affects 10% - 65 + and 50% - 85 +
Dying and Death
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross - research with dying patients
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Process of dying is very individual – most people face death in the similar manner in which they coped with other life stressors
