Test 3 Flashcards
What foreign sophist did Socrates interact with?
Gorgias
What accusations were part of Socrates’ trial?
- Impiety
- Introducing new gods (daimonion)
- Corrupting the youth
Which two philosophers wrote an apologia (defense of the trial)? Regarding Socrates’
Xenophon and Plato
How did Sparta establish hegemony in the Greek world after the peloponnesian war?
- decarchies and garrisons
- The Corinthian War
- The King’s Peace
- Their invasion of Asia Minor
What are neodamodes?
Helots freed in Sparta with limited rights
What are mothakes?
Children of Spartan farmers and helot mothers
What are the events of The Corinthian War?
- Timocrates from Rhodes sent by Persian satraps to encourage war on Sparta
(as a consequence King Agesilaus II is forced to abandon expedition) - Lysander is killed in initial fighting
- Persian funded fleet led by Conon, an Athenian general brought on the Battle of Cnidus
- The King’s Peace
What is the King’s Peace?
- Ultimatum sent to Athens and Sparta by Artaxerxes II, threatens war if they do not agree
- Persia “wins” this conflict
Who is the phoenician founder of Boiotia?
Cadmus
What two myths surround Thebes?
Oedipus Cycle and Seven Against Thebes
Which Theban aristocrats help to dispel Spartan garrison from Thebes?
Epaminodas and Pelopidas
What is The Sacred Band?
3rd Boiotian League led by Thebes
- 300 elites warriors, 150 male couples
- Takes part in the Battle of Leuctra which defeats the Spartans
Where is the capital of Arcadia built?
- the Megalopolis
What are three examples of evolving military technology?
Peltasts: mobile troops of javelin and sling throwers
Gastraphetes: “stomach-thrower”
Catapults: for long missiles and larger projectiles like boulders
Who used the peltast for the first time?
Iphicrates
How did Athens rebound from Spartan occupation?
- Thrasybulus begins to rebuild long-walls
- Conon return to Athens after success at Cnidus and fortifies with the persian funds
What were the new stipulations of the second athenian league? Which two important players joined this league?
- all members were to remain independent
- all members received a vote in a council (synedrion) based in Athens
- all members are required to pay contributions (syntaxeis) to a collective fund for allied fleet
- Thebes and Boiotia
What ends Thebes overseas expedition?
- Manitinea revolts from the Arcadian League
- Battle of Mantinea follows
Which satrap is responsible for the name of the mausoleum?
Mausolus
Which king first ascends the throne of Macedon?
Philip II
What body of water does Macedon surround?
Thermaic Gulf
What is polygyny?
In Macedon aristocratic women could vie for legitimacy and political power on behalf of male heirs
What is the descendance of the argead dynasty?
- from Herakles through the city of Argos
What are hetairoi?
Friends of companions of the king
What is philhellene?
An outside “fond of the greeks”
What sources of Philip II are there?
Theopompus of Chios, later sources like Polybius
What is the sarisa?
Long pike developed from Macedonian hunting spear
What is pezhetairoi?
Status of sarisa wielder, lit. “companions on foot”
What are the events of the third sacred war?
League of Phocis conquers and plunders Delphi
- Battle of Crocus Field, defeat of Phocus and Philip II
What is the new treasure called after Athens reopens the mines of Laurion?
Theoric Fund
What is Demosthenes warning against Philip II called?
First, Second, and Third Philippic
Who did Aristotle study under?
As a metic under Plato
Where does Aristotle relocate after Philip destroys Stagira?
Pella to teach Alexander III
What is the Peace of Philocrates?
Peace treaty between Athens and Macedon that Athens ends up rejecting
Why does Athens reject the Peace of Philocrates?
Demosthenes’ provocations
Which battle are Athens and Thebes defeated at?
Battle of Chaeronea
What marks the tombs of the Thebans and the Sacred Band?
the Lion of Chaeronea
What is a tumulus with a mass grave called?
Polyandrion
Where are the tombs of the Argeads located?
Great Tumulus at Aegae/Vergina
Which argead is assassinated at a wedding?
Philip II
What events mark the beginning to end of the classical period?
End of persian wars –> death of Alexander
Who are the important historians of the classical and hellenistic period?
Arrian and Plutarch
What is the large body of legendary stories about Alexander III called?
Alexander Romance
Who is the senior general appointed regent under Alexander III?
Antipater
What are hyspastists?
The royal guard
What was the propaganda surrounding Alexander during the crossing of the hellespont?
He was emulating Achilles
Details of the city of Alexandria?
Founded as a Greek colony, independent of satrapy of Egypt
What is the legend of gordion?
The gordion know that was untied by Alexander
Key event of the Battle of Arbela/Gaugamela?
Capture of Persepolis and Pasargadae
How does Alexander present himself as the new legitimate king of Persia?
Adopts proskynesis (obedience to the king)
- arrian was particularly against the adoption of this custom
What is the decree of 324 BC?
Prescribes the return of greek mercenaries, older Macedonians, and some exiles to their home cities
What were the susa weddings?
Marriages organized between Macedonian hetairoi and Persian noble women
What is the name of Alexander’s half-brother and the heir to the throne?
Philip III Arrhidaeus
Who is the joint king with Philip III Arrhidaeus and who is his mother?
- Alexander IV
- Roxane of Sogdiana
What is the order of succession following Alexander’s death?
- Perdiccas, then Antipater
- then the satrapies are reassigned to Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Antigonus the One-Eyed
How are the satrapies reassigned?
- Egypt goes to Ptolemy
- Thrace to Lysimachus
- Central Anatolia to Antigonus Monopthalmus (the “one-eyed”)
Events of the Lamian War?
Greek mercenaries sent home and revolt of Greek cities
Outcomes of the Lamian War?
League of Corinth abolished, Athens directly administered by Macedon; Demosthenes commits suicide
Events of the wars of the diadochoi?
Agreement of Triparadisus
- Antipater is maintained as regent
- Seleucus is granted Babylonia
During third war
- Antigonus, who is now the most powerful, makes a declaration of theoretical “freedom” for the Greek cities
- Peace of 311 BC between major players
Setup of the satrapies geographically?
Ptolemaios west, Antigonos central north, seleukos central east
Events of the fourth war?
Siege of Salamis in Cyprus
- Demetrius (Antigonus’ son) becomes known as Poliorketes “the besieger”
- Antigonus is proclaimed king, becoming the Antigonid dynasty
Which kings follow Antigonus’ way during the fourth war?
- Cassander
- Lysimachus
- Ptolemy
- Seleucus
What battle does Lysimachus die in?
The Battle of Corupedium
What battle does Seleucus die in and by who?
Battle of Corupedium
- Ptolemy Keraunos (the Thunderbolt)
What is philadelphoi and who?
“sibling-lovers”
- Arsinoe and Ptolemy II
What were viewed invasions by the Greeks?
Galatian migrations
How is the Antigonid dynasty reestablished?
Antigonus II (“knee-knocker”) has successes against the Galatians
What is the “Pyrrhic Victory”?
Several battle against Rome that were generally successful, but with heavy losses
- “won at too great a cost to have been worthwhile for the victor”
What are the big three kingdoms?
- The Ptolemies
- The Seleucids
- The Antigonids
What was the Ptolemaic kingdom known for?
- multicultural population
- Mystery Cult of Isis
- the god Sarapis and the mixing together of Greek and Egyptian religion “sarapis”
- Ruler-cult: “Theoi Philadelphoi,” sibling-loving Gods
What were the two major projects of the cosmopolis?
Lighthouse and Museum + its associated Library of Alexandria
Key aspects of the seleucid kingdom?
- Cult of Fortune
- City of Antioch on the Orontes
Characteristics of Early Hellenistic Art?
- accessibility
- idealisation, realism, and the expression of emotion
Key person in new comedy and the style?
Menander
- stereotypical characters deriving from “old comedy”
Two philosophical beliefs of hellenistic Athens?
Stoicism and epicureanism
What is stoicism?
- wise man that engages with the rational
What is epicureanism?
Happiness lies in moderation
What is the rosetta stone?
Trilingual decree of hieroglyphs of an official group of Egyptian priests
