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Bio 121 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major regions of the skin ?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis aka Subcutaneous layer (Sub-Q)
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2
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Outer layer
  • Thinner layer
  • Epithelial tissue
  • 5 layers (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum & stratum corneum)
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3
Q

Dermis

A
  • Inner Layer
  • Thicker layer
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4
Q

Hypodermis aka Subcutaneous (Sub-Q) Layer

A
  • Located underneath the dermis
  • Loose areolar/adipose connective tissue
  • Attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs
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5
Q

Difference between keratinocytes and melanocytes

A

Keratinocytes and melanocytes are cells in the epidermis

Keratinocytes
- 90% of cells that make up the epidermis
secrete keratin, a tough protein that gives the skin and the hair its health

Melanocytes
- secrete melanin which is responsible for pigment

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6
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis and what happens in each layer?

A

Bring Something Good Like Corn (mnemonic device)

(From deepest to most superficial)

Stratum Basale (Bring)
-Deepest level
-Continuous cell division

Stratum Spinosum (Something)
-8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes

Stratum Granulosum (Good)
-Layer where there are granules filled with keratin that secrete the keratinocytes
-Remember, as we go from the deepest layer to the most superficial level we end up with dead layers of skin

Stratum Lucidum (Like)
- Clear layer that you only see in thick skin (fingertips, palms, and soles)
- (Clear = lucid)

Stratum Corneum (Corn)
- 15 to 20 layers of dead keratinocytes
- Continuously shed and are replaced by cells from deeper strata

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7
Q

What are the 2 layers that make up the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular

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8
Q

Eccrine glands

A
  • Majority of sweat glands, most of the sweat we secrete
  • found on palms, hands, soles of feet, and forehead
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9
Q

Apocrine glands

A

-Activated after puberty (Stinky)
- Found in groin, anogenital region, armpits, areola of breasts

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10
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A
  • Oil glands
  • Sebum inhibits the growth of bacteria by preventing bacteria from entering your skin
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11
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle?

A
  • Muscle responsible for giving you goosebumps
  • Found attached to hair follicles in the dermis
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12
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Protection
  • Synthesis of vitamin D
    -Regulation of body temperature (negative feedback - temp goes up - you sweat - cools down the body)
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13
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Most common skin cancer
The likelihood that it metastasizes is very slim, Usually easily treated

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14
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Second most common skin cancer
Similar to basal cell
It can metastasize but it takes a lot , chances are slim

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15
Q

Malignant melanoma

A
  • Least common
  • Most Dangerous
  • Likely to spread and metastasize to the brain and the bone, different areas of the body
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16
Q

ABCD Rule: of Melanoma

A

A for asymmetry, not symmetrical
B for border, no defined border
C for color, color is weird looking, black, reddish, orange
D for diameter, larger than 5 or 6 mm is considered significant

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17
Q

1st degree burn

A

affects the epidermis

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18
Q

2nd degree burn

A

affects the epidermis and the dermis
Partial thickness burn
Blister formation

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19
Q

3rd degree burn

A
  • affects epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
  • Full thickness burn
  • Burn out the receptors that sensitize pain
  • Skin graft is needed
  • Infection can occur
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20
Q

Vitiligo

A
  • depigmented patches of skin
  • cause is unknown
  • autoimmune in nature
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21
Q

Albinism

A
  • Complete or partial absence of pigment in skin, hair and eyes
  • Defective enzyme that makes melanin
  • Serious condition
  • Can cause blindness
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22
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most Abundant
Ribs, nose, trachea

found in bone, it lines the joints and caps the ends of the bones

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23
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Discs of the knee and of the back

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24
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • External ear
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25
Long bone
Humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges
26
Short bone
(cubed shaped) Carpals and tarsals
27
Irregular Bone
Vertebrae
28
Sesamoid bone
(protect tendons from excessive wear) Patella
29
Flat bone
Sternum, skull, ribs, scapula, clavicles
30
Functions of bone
- Provide support (structural support/ framework) - Protect internal organs - Assist body movements - Stores and releases constituents of bone like calcium and phosphorus - Participates in blood cell production (hematopoiesis) - Stores triglycerides in adipose cells (fat) of yellow marrow
31
Diaphysis
shaft of the bone
32
Epiphysis
ends of the bone
33
What is the periosteum?
Covering around the shaft of the bone
34
What is endosteum?
Covers the inside of the bone shaft and lines the medullary cavity
35
Osteoblast
immature bone cell, bone building cells
36
Osteoclast
bone breaking and bone resorbing cell
37
Osteocyte
mature osteoblasts
38
Osteogenic cells
progenitor cell that will make the osteoblast that becomes the osteocyte
39
Lamellae
Important when referring to the osteon ( basic unit of the bone) House the osteocytes Rings of calcified matrix
40
Lacunae
Important when referring to the osteon ( basic unit of the bone) Small spaces between the lamellae House the osteocytes
41
Canaliculi
Small fluid filled channels that connect lacunaes together
42
Intramembranous Ossification (process of forming bone)
-produces spongy bone, simpler of the 2 methods, used for forming flat bone 1. Ossification center is formed; osteoblasts attract to form the ossification center and they secrete extracellular matrix 2. Calcification; osteocytes in the ossification center ossify ; calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies (hardens) 3. Formation of trabeculae: extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone 4. Development of the periosteum: mesenchyme at the periphery (outer) of the bone develops into the periosteum
43
Endochondral Ossification (process of forming bone)
- cartilage is replaced with bone - Used in the formation of most bones, especially long bones 1. Development of cartilage model: has chondroblasts in the middle that eventually become chondrocytes; Mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts which form the cartilage model 2. Growth of cartilage model: growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes; cartilage model starts to expand 3. Development of primary ossification center: cartilage is replaced with bone; in this region of the diaphysis, bone tissue replaces most of the cartilage 4. Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity: bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity 5. Development of secondary ossification centers: occurs in the epiphyses of the bone 6. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: development of the growth plate and articular cartilage (attaches to other bones) to form a full grown ossified model; both structures consist of hyaline cartilage
44
Epiphyseal Growth Zones
What happens when you grow slowly: - Start off with a resting zone - Zone of proliferation, the chondrocytes start to divide - Zone of hypertrophy, the cartilage cells start to get bigger - Zone of calcification, it hardens, then the process starts all over again
45
The hormonal regulation of bone growth
Estrogen and testosterone are responsible for growth spurts and closure of the growth plates
46
Parathyroid hormone
- Stimulates osteoclast activity and raises calcium level - When your body gets a signal that your calcium level is low, that tells the parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone then stimulates the osteoclast (the bone breaking cells), they release the calcium into the bloodstream thereby increasing the calcium levels
47
Calcitonin hormone
- Stimulates osteoblast activity and lowers calcium level - When your body gets a signal that your calcium level is high, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin, triggering osteoblast activity, takes the calcium from the blood and hides it in the bone to lower calcium levels
48
Open fracture
- protrudes the skin
49
Closed fracture
broken bone remains completely in the skin
50
Osteoporosis
bone becomes very porous and brittle, imbalance between osteoblast and osteoclast
51
Osteomalacia
abnormal softening of the bone, because of lack of vitamin's, also called Rickets in children
52
Coronal suture
- Frontal aspect of the skull
53
Sagittal suture
- Spans all the way across along the parietal bone
54
Lambdoid suture
Located by the occipital bone
55
Squamous suture
Located by the temporal bone
56
The components of the Sphenoid bone
Greater Wing Lesser Wing
57
Ethmoid bone
Made up of the Crista Gali and Cribriform Plate
58
Mandible/maxilla locations
Maxilla (upper jaw) is superior to mandible (lower jaw)
59
What is the zygomatic bone
The cheek bone
60
Hyoid Bone
Only bone that protrudes on the anterior aspect of your neck, not a vertebrae Right where the adam's apple would be
61
Components of the vertebral column
First 7 are cervical vertebra: - C1 = Atlas - C2 = Axis Next 12 are thoracic vertebrae Lower 5 are lumbar Sacrum- 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx - 3-5 fused vertebrae
62
Scoliosis
(Sideways) abnormal curvature of the spine
63
Kyphosis
Excessive curvature of the thoracic spine, affects the thoracic vertebrae Hunchback appearance
64
Lordosis
Excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine “Swayback”
65
Components of the ribs
First 7 pairs are true ribs (attach directly to the sternum) Next 5 pairs are false ribs including 2 floating ribs
66
Clavicle
Collar bone; a long bone that runs horizontally across the top of the chest
67
Scapula
Shoulder blade; located in the upper back
68
Radius
lateral aspect of the forearm (thumb side, think radio)
69
Ulna
medial aspect of the forearm (pinky side)
70
Three regions of the hip bones
Ilium Ischium Pubis
71
Male pelvis
- Pubic arch is less than 90 degrees - Pelvic brim is more narrow - Heavier and dense
72
Female pelvis
- Pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees - Pelvic brim is rounder - Lighter and less dense
73
Fibula
lateral aspect of the leg , think pinky toe (tiny fib)
74
Tibia
medial aspect of the leg
75
Number of carpals and tarsals
8 carpal bones in the wrist 7 tarsals in the ankle

Bio 121 (6 decks)

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