Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 121 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three major regions of the skin ?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis aka Subcutaneous layer (Sub-Q)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Outer layer
  • Thinner layer
  • Epithelial tissue
  • 5 layers (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum & stratum corneum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dermis

A
  • Inner Layer
  • Thicker layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypodermis aka Subcutaneous (Sub-Q) Layer

A
  • Located underneath the dermis
  • Loose areolar/adipose connective tissue
  • Attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Difference between keratinocytes and melanocytes

A

Keratinocytes and melanocytes are cells in the epidermis

Keratinocytes
- 90% of cells that make up the epidermis
secrete keratin, a tough protein that gives the skin and the hair its health

Melanocytes
- secrete melanin which is responsible for pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis and what happens in each layer?

A

Bring Something Good Like Corn (mnemonic device)

(From deepest to most superficial)

Stratum Basale (Bring)
-Deepest level
-Continuous cell division

Stratum Spinosum (Something)
-8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes

Stratum Granulosum (Good)
-Layer where there are granules filled with keratin that secrete the keratinocytes
-Remember, as we go from the deepest layer to the most superficial level we end up with dead layers of skin

Stratum Lucidum (Like)
- Clear layer that you only see in thick skin (fingertips, palms, and soles)
- (Clear = lucid)

Stratum Corneum (Corn)
- 15 to 20 layers of dead keratinocytes
- Continuously shed and are replaced by cells from deeper strata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 layers that make up the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Eccrine glands

A
  • Majority of sweat glands, most of the sweat we secrete
  • found on palms, hands, soles of feet, and forehead
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Apocrine glands

A

-Activated after puberty (Stinky)
- Found in groin, anogenital region, armpits, areola of breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A
  • Oil glands
  • Sebum inhibits the growth of bacteria by preventing bacteria from entering your skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle?

A
  • Muscle responsible for giving you goosebumps
  • Found attached to hair follicles in the dermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Protection
  • Synthesis of vitamin D
    -Regulation of body temperature (negative feedback - temp goes up - you sweat - cools down the body)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Most common skin cancer
The likelihood that it metastasizes is very slim, Usually easily treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Second most common skin cancer
Similar to basal cell
It can metastasize but it takes a lot , chances are slim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Malignant melanoma

A
  • Least common
  • Most Dangerous
  • Likely to spread and metastasize to the brain and the bone, different areas of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ABCD Rule: of Melanoma

A

A for asymmetry, not symmetrical
B for border, no defined border
C for color, color is weird looking, black, reddish, orange
D for diameter, larger than 5 or 6 mm is considered significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

1st degree burn

A

affects the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2nd degree burn

A

affects the epidermis and the dermis
Partial thickness burn
Blister formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3rd degree burn

A
  • affects epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
  • Full thickness burn
  • Burn out the receptors that sensitize pain
  • Skin graft is needed
  • Infection can occur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vitiligo

A
  • depigmented patches of skin
  • cause is unknown
  • autoimmune in nature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Albinism

A
  • Complete or partial absence of pigment in skin, hair and eyes
  • Defective enzyme that makes melanin
  • Serious condition
  • Can cause blindness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most Abundant
Ribs, nose, trachea

found in bone, it lines the joints and caps the ends of the bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Discs of the knee and of the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • External ear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Long bone

A

Humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Short bone

A

(cubed shaped)
Carpals and tarsals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Irregular Bone

A

Vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

(protect tendons from excessive wear)
Patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Flat bone

A

Sternum, skull, ribs, scapula, clavicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Functions of bone

A
  • Provide support (structural support/ framework)
  • Protect internal organs
  • Assist body movements
  • Stores and releases constituents of bone like calcium and phosphorus
  • Participates in blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
  • Stores triglycerides in adipose cells (fat) of yellow marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of the bone

32
Q

Epiphysis

A

ends of the bone

33
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Covering around the shaft of the bone

34
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Covers the inside of the bone shaft and lines the medullary cavity

35
Q

Osteoblast

A

immature bone cell, bone building cells

36
Q

Osteoclast

A

bone breaking and bone resorbing cell

37
Q

Osteocyte

A

mature osteoblasts

38
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

progenitor cell that will make the osteoblast that becomes the osteocyte

39
Q

Lamellae

A

Important when referring to the osteon ( basic unit of the bone)
House the osteocytes
Rings of calcified matrix

40
Q

Lacunae

A

Important when referring to the osteon ( basic unit of the bone)
Small spaces between the lamellae
House the osteocytes

41
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small fluid filled channels that connect lacunaes together

42
Q

Intramembranous Ossification (process of forming bone)

A

-produces spongy bone, simpler of the 2 methods, used for forming flat bone

  1. Ossification center is formed; osteoblasts attract to form the ossification center and they secrete extracellular matrix
  2. Calcification; osteocytes in the ossification center ossify ; calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies (hardens)
  3. Formation of trabeculae: extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone
  4. Development of the periosteum: mesenchyme at the periphery (outer) of the bone develops into the periosteum
43
Q

Endochondral Ossification (process of forming bone)

A
  • cartilage is replaced with bone
  • Used in the formation of most bones, especially long bones
  1. Development of cartilage model: has chondroblasts in the middle that eventually become chondrocytes; Mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts which form the cartilage model
  2. Growth of cartilage model: growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes; cartilage model starts to expand
  3. Development of primary ossification center: cartilage is replaced with bone; in this region of the diaphysis, bone tissue replaces most of the cartilage
  4. Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity: bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity
  5. Development of secondary ossification centers: occurs in the epiphyses of the bone
  6. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: development of the growth plate and articular cartilage (attaches to other bones) to form a full grown ossified model; both structures consist of hyaline cartilage
44
Q

Epiphyseal Growth Zones

A

What happens when you grow slowly:

  • Start off with a resting zone
  • Zone of proliferation, the chondrocytes start to divide
  • Zone of hypertrophy, the cartilage cells start to get bigger
  • Zone of calcification, it hardens, then the process starts all over again
45
Q

The hormonal regulation of bone growth

A

Estrogen and testosterone are responsible for growth spurts and closure of the growth plates

46
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A
  • Stimulates osteoclast activity and raises calcium level
  • When your body gets a signal that your calcium level is low, that tells the parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone then stimulates the osteoclast (the bone breaking cells), they release the calcium into the bloodstream thereby increasing the calcium levels
47
Q

Calcitonin hormone

A
  • Stimulates osteoblast activity and lowers calcium level
  • When your body gets a signal that your calcium level is high, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin, triggering osteoblast activity, takes the calcium from the blood and hides it in the bone to lower calcium levels
48
Q

Open fracture

A
  • protrudes the skin
49
Q

Closed fracture

A

broken bone remains completely in the skin

50
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bone becomes very porous and brittle, imbalance between osteoblast and osteoclast

51
Q

Osteomalacia

A

abnormal softening of the bone, because of lack of vitamin’s, also called Rickets in children

52
Q

Coronal suture

A
  • Frontal aspect of the skull
53
Q

Sagittal suture

A
  • Spans all the way across along the parietal bone
54
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

Located by the occipital bone

55
Q

Squamous suture

A

Located by the temporal bone

56
Q

The components of the Sphenoid bone

A

Greater Wing
Lesser Wing

57
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

Made up of the Crista Gali and Cribriform Plate

58
Q

Mandible/maxilla locations

A

Maxilla (upper jaw) is superior to mandible (lower jaw)

59
Q

What is the zygomatic bone

A

The cheek bone

60
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

Only bone that protrudes on the anterior aspect of your neck, not a vertebrae
Right where the adam’s apple would be

61
Q

Components of the vertebral column

A

First 7 are cervical vertebra:
- C1 = Atlas
- C2 = Axis
Next 12 are thoracic vertebrae
Lower 5 are lumbar
Sacrum- 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx - 3-5 fused vertebrae

62
Q

Scoliosis

A

(Sideways) abnormal curvature of the spine

63
Q

Kyphosis

A

Excessive curvature of the thoracic spine, affects the thoracic vertebrae
Hunchback appearance

64
Q

Lordosis

A

Excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine
“Swayback”

65
Q

Components of the ribs

A

First 7 pairs are true ribs (attach directly to the sternum)
Next 5 pairs are false ribs including 2 floating ribs

66
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone; a long bone that runs horizontally across the top of the chest

67
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade; located in the upper back

68
Q

Radius

A

lateral aspect of the forearm (thumb side, think radio)

69
Q

Ulna

A

medial aspect of the forearm (pinky side)

70
Q

Three regions of the hip bones

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

71
Q

Male pelvis

A
  • Pubic arch is less than 90 degrees
  • Pelvic brim is more narrow
  • Heavier and dense
72
Q

Female pelvis

A
  • Pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees
  • Pelvic brim is rounder
  • Lighter and less dense
73
Q

Fibula

A

lateral aspect of the leg , think pinky toe (tiny fib)

74
Q

Tibia

A

medial aspect of the leg

75
Q

Number of carpals and tarsals

A

8 carpal bones in the wrist
7 tarsals in the ankle

Bio 121 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions