Chapters 3&4 Flashcards
What is the function of the cytoskeleton of the cell?
provides the cell with structural support
What is the function of the cilia?
move fluids along a cell structure; short extensions; seen in the upper respiratory tract and moves debris (think: car wash)
What is the function of flagella?
move an entire cell; longer extension; example: sperm tail
What is the function of ribosomes?
involved in protein synthesis
What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum?
the rough ER is studded with ribosomes and it manufactures all the protein
the smooth ER synthesizes fats, steroids, and certain drugs
What is the function of Golgi?
golgi is the shipping of the actual cell; all the manufactured protein that’s made in the rough ER now needs to be shipped and that’s the function of the Golgi
What is the function of lysosomes?
lysosomes are vesicles that form from the surface of the cell and have powerful digestive enzymes
What is the function of peroxisomes?
detoxify things like alcohol; see a lot of them in the liver
What is the function of proteasomes?
involved in destroying the denatured proteins
What is the function of mitochondria?
the powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP
What is the function of the nucleus?
the genetic library of the cell; genes, hereditary units
Properties of the plasma membrane
forms the outer boundary of the cell; it separates the inside (intracellular) from the outside (extracellular); made up of a phospholipid bilayer; a selectively permeable membrane meaning it chooses what it wants in and out of the cell
Active Transport
requires energy (ATP); going from a low concentration to a high concentration, going against the concentration gradient;
Example of Active Transport is the sodium-potassium pump
Steps of the sodium-potassium pump:
3 sodium’s from the inside of the cell bind to the pump protein, the binding of the sodium’s uses ATP, ATP becomes ADP, now the sodium’s are expelled to the outside of the cell, now 2 potassium’s are ready to bind and enter the cell
To pump:
(3x2) 3 sodium’s per 2 potassium’s
Passive Transport
requires no energy; going with the concentration gradient; going from high concentration to low concentration
Example of Passive Transport:
Diffusion- the passive random motion of molecules from high to low concentration (remember the cologne example from class: scatters around person wearing it first then spreads until equilibrium is reached and everyone can smell it )
Osmosis
the diffusion of water molecules from high to low concentration without needing energy
Tonicity
Isotonic Solution: the concentration on the inside and the outside of the red blood cell are the same
Hypotonic Solution: there’s more salt on the inside of the red blood cell, water starts to sneak into the red blood cell and it swells up
Hypertonic Solution: there’s more salt outside of the red blood cell, water sneaks out of the red blood cell and it shrinks
Interphase
the first part of the cell cycle; no cell division; DNA is being replicated; the organelles are being made; the cell is highly metabolically active
The Mitotic Phase
occurs after interphase ; steps of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
Prophase
the nuclear envelope starts to become choppy and disappear; chromatin fibers change into chromosomes
Metaphase
microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate
Anaphase
the chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell; the chromatids are now called chromosomes; cleavage furrow forms
Telophase
two identical nuclei are formed around the identical sets of chromosomes now in their chromatin form
Epithelial Tissue
cover body surfaces; form glands ; line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts
Connective Tissue
protect, support, and bind organs.
Muscular Tissue
generate the physical force needed to make body structures move. They also generate heat used by the body
Nervous Tissue
detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses
Germ Layers
Tissues of the body develop from three primary germ layers: Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm
Epithelial- all three layers
Connective and Muscle- mesoderm
Nervous Tissue- ectoderm
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium can be found in …
trachea
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium can be found in …
kidneys
Simple Columnar Epithelium can be found in …
digestive organs
Stratified Squamous Epithelium can be found in …
epidermis (top layer) of the skin
Glandular Epithelium can be found in …
salivary glands
Simple Squamous Epithelium can be found in …
lungs
Transitional Epithelium can be found in …
bladder
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
sweat glands and part of the urethra
Stratified Columnar Epithelium can be found in …
mammary ducts, epididymis
Endocrine Gland
part of epithelial; secrete contents into the blood stream like hormones
Exocrine Gland
part of epithelial; secrete substances through ducts to the surface of the skin; like mucus,sweat,etc.
Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar- packed between glands
Adipose- fat
Reticular- lymphatic organs
Dense Connective Tissue
Dense Irregular- dermis of the skin
Dense Regular- tendons and ligaments
Elastic- large arteries- like the aorta
Cartilage
Hyaline- most abundant cartilage; ribs, nose, trachea
Fibro-discs of the knee and the back
Elastic- external ear and epiglottis
Muscular: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
Skeletal- Striated and Voluntary
Cardiac- Striated and Involuntary
Smooth- Nonstriated and Involuntary
What is Mesenchyme ?
Gives rise to all other connective tissues
Cells of Connective Tissue
Chondrocytes make the various cartilaginous C.T.
Adipocytes store triglycerides.
Osteocytes make bone.
White blood cells are part of the blood.
