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Bio 121 > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

Exam #1

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

Anatomy is the study of the body structure

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

Physiology is the study of the function

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3
Q

What is the correct order of structural organization?

A

Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System and Organism

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the body being in a state of balance or equilibrium

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5
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback is to reverse a controlled condition, like the regulation of blood pressure

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6
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Positive feedback is to reinforce something that’s already happening, like childbirth and oxytocin

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7
Q

What is the standard anatomical body position?

A

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward

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8
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

towards the front

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9
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

towards the back

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10
Q

Medial

A

towards the midline

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11
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline

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12
Q

Intermediate

A

between lateral and medial

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13
Q

Proximal

A

near point of attachment

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14
Q

Distal

A

further away from the point of attachment

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15
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body

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16
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side of the body

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17
Q

Superficial

A

towards the surface of the body

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18
Q

Deep

A

towards the core of the body

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19
Q

Visceral

A

pertains to the covering of the organ

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20
Q

Parietal

A

pertains to the covering of the cavity

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21
Q

Cranial

A

skull

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22
Q

Cervical

A

neck

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23
Q

Cubital

A

elbow

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24
Q

Carpal

A

wrist

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25
Q

Patellar

A

front of knee

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26
Q

Orbital

A

eye

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27
Q

Thoracic

A

chest

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28
Q

Inguinal

A

groin

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29
Q

Metacarpal

A

hand/palm

30
Q

Plantar

A

sole of foot

31
Q

Buccal

A

cheek

32
Q

Axillary

A

armpit

33
Q

Femoral

A

thigh

34
Q

Gluteal

A

buttock

35
Q

Tarsal

A

ankle

36
Q

Digital

A

toes

37
Q

Digital/Phalangeal

A

Toes or Fingers

38
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

midline; vertical cut leaves you with right and left

39
Q

Transverse Plane

A

horizontal cut that leaves you with top and bottom

40
Q

Frontal Plane

A

coronal; vertical cut that leaves you with an anterior and posterior

41
Q

Oblique Plane

A

any diagonal cut

42
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Includes pericardial (heart) cavity, pleural (lung) cavity , and mediastinum

43
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

Includes thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

44
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Separated between abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

45
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

A

tic-tac-toe grid; 9 regions;
Superior in the middle is the Epigastric Region-> right and left is the Hypochondriac Region
Inferior to the epigastric is the Umbilical Region-> right and left is the Lumbar Region
Inferior to the umbilical is the Hypogastric Region-> right and left is the Inguinal Region

46
Q

What is matter?

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

47
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

represents the number of protons in the atom

48
Q

Atomic Mass/Weight

A

is calculated protons + neutrons to give you the atomic mass

49
Q

Isotope

A

the same atom that differs in the number of neutrons; like C-12, C-14, C-16

50
Q

Solute v. Solvent

A

salt (solute) dissolves in water (solvent)

51
Q

Octet Rule

A

states that the first shell of every atom can occupy a maximum of two electrons, every shell thereafter can occupy a maximum of 8 electrons; in order for an atom to be stable/inert it would have to occupy the maximum number of electrons in the outermost shell

52
Q

Ionic Bond

A

formed by the giving up or receiving of one electron in the outermost shell

53
Q

Cation

A

ion loses an electron and becomes more positive

54
Q

Anion

A

ion gains an electron and becomes more negative

55
Q

Covalent Bond

A

formed by the sharing of electrons; the strongest of the bonds because you can form a single, double or triple covalent bond

56
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

equal sharing of electrons

57
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons

58
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

weakest bond between covalent and ionic bonds ; formed by the opposite charge attraction

59
Q

Inorganic Compound

A

do not contain carbon

60
Q

Organic Compound

A

contain carbon

61
Q

Properties of Water

A

Water is polar, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, best solvent, and an inorganic compound

62
Q

pH Scale, Acid, and Base

A

An exponential scale; pH is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration
7 is a neutral pH
the closer you get to 14 = the more alkaline (basic)
the closer you get to 0 the more acidic it is

63
Q

Buffer

A

anything that resists slight increases or decreases in the pH, used to maintain and stabilize pH

64
Q

Monosaccharide

A

the basic unit of a carbohydrate, a single unit sugar

65
Q

Disaccharide

A

made up of two monosaccharides

66
Q

Polysaccharide

A

long chain sugars (when body goes into starvation it utilizes these for energy)

67
Q

Lipids

A

fats, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, sex hormones, etc.

68
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; double stranded, its sugar/monosaccharide is deoxyribose;
its nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine

69
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid; single stranded, its sugar/monosaccharide is ribose;
its nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, uracil and cytosine

70
Q

Proteins and Structural organization

A

building block of the body;
protein undergoes four levels of structural organization:
Primary- when the amino acids line up
Secondary-when there’s folding ; they form an alphahelix or betapelix sheet
Tertiary- the formation of a polypeptide
Quaternary-more than one polypeptide forming in terms of the structure

71
Q

What is denaturation?

A

when a protein fails to go through the four levels of structural organization, protein is in hostile conditions and it loses its structure, things like heat,pH,etc. play an effect on losing the protein structure, think hard boiled egg under high temperate loses its shape

Bio 121 (5 decks)

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