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Bio 121 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define Articulation

A

when two bones meet at a point

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2
Q

Synarthrosis Joint

A

an immovable joint

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3
Q

Amphiarthrosis Joint

A

slightly movable joint

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4
Q

Diarthrosis Joint

A

freely movable joint

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5
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

bones held together by dense collagen fibers

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6
Q

Cartilagenous Joints

A

bones held together by cartilage; like the pubic symphysis

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7
Q

Synovial Joints

A

held together by ligaments; like the elbow, shoulder, hip and knee

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8
Q

Flexion

A

a decrease in the angle

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9
Q

Extension

A

an increase in the angle

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10
Q

Adduction

A

movement towards the midline

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11
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from the midline

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12
Q

Circumduction

A

movement of a body part in a circle

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13
Q

Rotation

A

bone that moves around its own axis

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14
Q

Elevation

A

an upward movement of a body part, like closing the mouth

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15
Q

Depression

A

downward movement of a body part, like opening the mouth

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16
Q

Protraction

A

movement of a body part moving forward or anterior

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17
Q

Retraction

A

movement of a body part moving back or dorsal, like thrusting the mandible outward

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18
Q

Supination

A

moving the forearm so that the palm is up

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19
Q

Pronation

A

moving the forearm so that the palm is down

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20
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

bending the foot at the ankle in an upward direction

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21
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

bending the foot at the ankle in a downward direction

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22
Q

Inversion

A

movement of the foot medially

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23
Q

Eversion

A

movement of the foot laterally

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24
Q

Opposition

A

movement that brings the thumbs and fingers together, like thumb touching pinky

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25
Q

Six Types of synovial joints based on their shapes

A
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26
Q

Planar Joint

A

Biaxial/Triaxial; the articulating surface is slightly curved; back and forth / side to side movement;
Think: foot

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27
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Uniaxial, the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone

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28
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Uniaxial, rounded surface of one bone articulating around another like the ulna and radius
Think : C1-C2

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29
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

Biaxial; The convex oval shape projection of one bone fits into the oval shape depression of another
Think: wrist/toes

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30
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Biaxial; Modified condyloid joint
Think : Thumb

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31
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Triaxial; ball fits into the socket or in the depression of another bone

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32
Q

Skeletal

A

voluntary, striated

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33
Q

Cardiac

A

involuntary, striated

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34
Q

Smooth

A

Involuntary, nonstriated

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35
Q

Prime Mover Muscle

A

Muscle that does the main action of the muscle, a.k.a agonist muscle ; muscle thats primarily responsible for the actual motion or the desired movement

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36
Q

Antagonist

A

yields the affects of the prime movers,opposite of prime mover muscle

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37
Q

Synergist

A

helper muscle, muscles that are used to prevent the unwanted movements

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38
Q

Actin

A

what thin flilaments are made up of

39
Q

Myosin

A

what thick filaments are made up of

40
Q

The Sliding Theory of Muscle Contraction

A

Steps:
1) Myosin breaks down the ATP and becomes energized
2) Binds to Actin and forms a cross bridge , called attachment
3) Power stroke happens , myosin bridges rotate towards the center
4)They detach

41
Q

Sarcomere

A

the basic unit of a muscle, goes from a z disc to a z disc

42
Q

Excitation (Contraction) Coupling

A

Incorporating the nervous system with muscle contraction , remember the steps
1) The impulse travels down the motor neuron and triggers the release of acetycoline
2) Acetycoline travels on the post synapctic cleft and binds to sodium
3) Binding of the sodium causes a firing/action potential
5) The muscle travels along the tubial and it opens up calcium channels, calcium binds to troponin and tropomyosin (regulatory proteins)
6) We have enough calcium that causes the contraction of the muscle, so the power stroke myosin heads bind to the actin and it causes the contraction
7) Calcium channels then close and troponin and tropomyosin slide back to their original position and then the muscle relaxes

This includes knowing how acetycoline works

43
Q

AOI Triceps

A

Action: extension of the forearm at the elbow joint
Origin: Scapula
Insertion: Ulna

44
Q

AOI Biceps Brachii

A

Action: flexion and supination of the forearm
Origin: scapula
Insertion: radius

45
Q

AOI Masseter

A

Action: muscle that moves the mandible; mastication or chewing
Origin: Maxilla
Insertion: Mandible; attaches and closes the mouth

46
Q

AOI SCM (sternocleidomastoid)

A

Action: moves the head up ; flexion and rotation of the head
Origin: clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process

47
Q

AOI Pectoralis Major

A

Action: Adduction and medial rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint
Origin: Clavicle
Insertion: Humerus

48
Q

AOI Deltoid

A

Action: Abduction, flexion and medial rotation of the upper arm at the shoulder joint
Origin: Clavicle and upper scapula
Insertion: Shaft of the humerus

49
Q

AOI Trapezius

A

Action: supports the arm and moves the scapula up and down
Origin: Occipital bone and cervical spine
Insertion: Clavicle and scapula

50
Q

AOI Rectus Abdominus

A

Action: flexion of the vertebral column and the compression of the abdomen
Origin: pubic bone
Insertion: ribs and sternum

51
Q

AOI Quadriceps

A
52
Q

AOI Hamstrings

A
53
Q

AOI Latissimus Dorsi

A

Action: drives the arm inferiorly (swimmers muscle)
Origin: throacic and lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: mid humerus

54
Q

AOI Gluteus Maximus

A

Action: Extension and lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint
Origin: iliac crest
Insertion: femur

55
Q

Spasm

A

involuntarty contraction, usually painless

56
Q

Cramps

A

involuntary, often painful; lack of blood flow to the muscle

57
Q

Myosclerosis

A

hardening of the muscle that causes calcification

58
Q

Myofibrosis

A

muscle fiber gets replaced by alot of connective tissue

59
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal chord

60
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system is made up of peripheral nerves and the cranial nerves, nerves outside of the central nervous sytem

61
Q

Afferent Systems

A

sensory; system carries infromation to the central nervous system

62
Q

Efferent Systems

A

motor; system carries information away from the central nervous system

It has two main divisions:
the somatic nervous system (skin and skeletal muscles) , which controls voluntary movement
and
the autonomic nervous system (functioning sympathetic and parasympathetic), which regulates involuntary responses.

63
Q

Glial Cell

A

support,nurture, and protect the neuron

63
Q

Nerve Cell

A

conducting pulses

64
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

nervous system of the GI tract; their neurons function independently from the CNS and the PNS

65
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Supporting Cells/ Neuroglial cells
most common glial cell types; form the myelin sheath

66
Q

Astrocyte

A

Supporting Cells/ Neuroglial cells
star shaped cells, form the blood brain barrier, regulate potassium balance and provide structural support

67
Q

Microglia Cells

A

play the phagocytic role; clear away the dead cells; derived from cells that give rise to macrophages and monocytes

68
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

produce the cerebral spinal fluid

69
Q

Satellite Cells

A

support the neurons in the PNS

70
Q

Schwann Cells

A

produce the myelin sheath of the PNS

71
Q

Gray Matter

A

demyelinated; does not have the myelin sheath

72
Q

White Matter

A

myelinated; contains tyhe myelin sheath

73
Q

Dura Matter

A

the superficial thick membrane of the spinal chord; forms the epidural space

74
Q

Arachnoid Matter

A

very thin has the subdural space

75
Q

Pia Matter

A

deepest of spinal chord; bound to the spinal chord surface

76
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

the simplest reflexes; knee jerk reflex

77
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A

when you move a body part from painful stimulus; pain receptors detect it and that results in contracting a muscle when you withdraw the limb

78
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

subcomponents of the ANS; rest and digest

79
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

subcomponents of the autonomic nervous system; fight or flight

80
Q

CSF Fluid

A

cerebral spinal fluid; a clear liquid that has glucose, proteins and ions; provides mechanical and chemical protection; circulates throughout

81
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

composed of the least permeable capillaries in the whole body ; metabolic waste (urea and drugs) are prevented from entering the brain tissue; useless against fats, respiratory gasses and fat solubles, and molecules that go through the plasma membrane; alcohol, nicotine and anasthetics affect the brain

82
Q

Cerebrum

A

Frontal lobe: Primary motor area
Broca’s Area: ability to speak
Parietal lobe: area for pain, cold, light, touch and speech
Occipital lobe: visual area
Temporal lobe: Auditory, memory and offaction

83
Q

Corpos Collosum

A

fiber tracks; connect the two hemispheres together; right and left hemisphere of the cerebrum

84
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

regulates your voluntary motor problem; when you’re unable to walk; area affected by parkinsons disease

85
Q

Diencephalon

A

Made up of the:

Thalamus: recognizes pain, touch and temperature
Hypothalamus: regulates food, fluid intake and maintains walking state and sleep patterns

86
Q

Brain Stems

A

Made up of the :
Mid Brain: involved in vision and hearing
Pons: involved in breathing control
Medulla: involved in regulating heart rate, swallowing, vomiting, and breathing

87
Q

Cerebellum

A

sense of equillibrium is affected;corrects voluntary muscle contractions and postures

88
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Name number and sensory or motor
Cranial Nerve 1: factory, sensory
Cranial Nerve 2: optic, sensory
Cranial Nerve 3: Occular, motor
Cranial Nerve 4: trochlear, motor
Cranial Nerve 5: trigeminal, motor and sensory
Cranial Nerve 6: abducens, motor
Cranial Nerve 7: facial, motor and sensory
Cranial Nerve 8: vestibulocochlear, sensory
Cranial Nerve 9: glossopharyngeal, sensory and motor
Cranial Nerve 10: vagus, sensory and motor
Cranial Nerve 11: accesory, motor
Cranial Nerve 12: hypoglossal, motor

89
Q

Brain Injuries

A

concussion: a temporary loss of conciousness
contusion: bruising of the brain
laceration: tearing of the brain

90
Q

Alzheimers Disease

A

leads to dementia, loss of reasoning, ability to read/write/talk

91
Q

Cerebral Vascular Accident

A

two types of stroke
Ischemic: decrease in the blood flow
Hemorrhagic: blood vessel ruptures
Risk factors: high blood pressure, cholestrol, smoking, obesity, and alcohol

92
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Mom drinks during pregnancy and the negative impact it has on the baby

Bio 121 (6 decks)

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