Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Define Articulation
A
when two bones meet at a point
2
Q
Synarthrosis Joint
A
an immovable joint
3
Q
Amphiarthrosis Joint
A
slightly movable joint
4
Q
Diarthrosis Joint
A
freely movable joint
5
Q
Fibrous Joints
A
bones held together by dense collagen fibers
6
Q
Cartilagenous Joints
A
bones held together by cartilage; like the pubic symphysis
7
Q
Synovial Joints
A
held together by ligaments; like the elbow, shoulder, hip and knee
8
Q
Flexion
A
a decrease in the angle
9
Q
Extension
A
an increase in the angle
10
Q
Adduction
A
movement towards the midline
11
Q
Abduction
A
movement away from the midline
12
Q
Circumduction
A
movement of a body part in a circle
13
Q
Rotation
A
bone that moves around its own axis
14
Q
Elevation
A
an upward movement of a body part, like closing the mouth
15
Q
Depression
A
downward movement of a body part, like opening the mouth
16
Q
Protraction
A
movement of a body part moving forward or anterior
17
Q
Retraction
A
movement of a body part moving back or dorsal, like thrusting the mandible outward
18
Q
Supination
A
moving the forearm so that the palm is up
19
Q
Pronation
A
moving the forearm so that the palm is down
20
Q
Dorsiflexion
A
bending the foot at the ankle in an upward direction
21
Q
Plantar Flexion
A
bending the foot at the ankle in a downward direction
22
Q
Inversion
A
movement of the foot medially
23
Q
Eversion
A
movement of the foot laterally
24
Q
Opposition
A
movement that brings the thumbs and fingers together, like thumb touching pinky
25
Six Types of synovial joints based on their shapes
26
Planar Joint
Biaxial/Triaxial; the articulating surface is slightly curved; back and forth / side to side movement;
Think: foot
27
Hinge Joint
Uniaxial, the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone
28
Pivot Joint
Uniaxial, rounded surface of one bone articulating around another like the ulna and radius
Think : C1-C2
29
Condyloid Joint
Biaxial; The convex oval shape projection of one bone fits into the oval shape depression of another
Think: wrist/toes
30
Saddle Joint
Biaxial; Modified condyloid joint
Think : Thumb
31
Ball and socket joint
Triaxial; ball fits into the socket or in the depression of another bone
32
Skeletal
voluntary, striated
33
Cardiac
involuntary, striated
34
Smooth
Involuntary, nonstriated
35
Prime Mover Muscle
Muscle that does the main action of the muscle, a.k.a agonist muscle ; muscle thats primarily responsible for the actual motion or the desired movement
36
Antagonist
yields the affects of the prime movers,opposite of prime mover muscle
37
Synergist
helper muscle, muscles that are used to prevent the unwanted movements
38
Actin
what thin flilaments are made up of
39
Myosin
what thick filaments are made up of
40
The Sliding Theory of Muscle Contraction
Steps:
1) Myosin breaks down the ATP and becomes energized
2) Binds to Actin and forms a cross bridge , called attachment
3) Power stroke happens , myosin bridges rotate towards the center
4)They detach
41
Sarcomere
the basic unit of a muscle, goes from a z disc to a z disc
42
Excitation (Contraction) Coupling
Incorporating the nervous system with muscle contraction , remember the steps
1) The impulse travels down the motor neuron and triggers the release of acetycoline
2) Acetycoline travels on the post synapctic cleft and binds to sodium
3) Binding of the sodium causes a firing/action potential
5) The muscle travels along the tubial and it opens up calcium channels, calcium binds to troponin and tropomyosin (regulatory proteins)
6) We have enough calcium that causes the contraction of the muscle, so the power stroke myosin heads bind to the actin and it causes the contraction
7) Calcium channels then close and troponin and tropomyosin slide back to their original position and then the muscle relaxes
This includes knowing how acetycoline works
43
AOI Triceps
Action: extension of the forearm at the elbow joint
Origin: Scapula
Insertion: Ulna
44
AOI Biceps Brachii
Action: flexion and supination of the forearm
Origin: scapula
Insertion: radius
45
AOI Masseter
Action: muscle that moves the mandible; mastication or chewing
Origin: Maxilla
Insertion: Mandible; attaches and closes the mouth
46
AOI SCM (sternocleidomastoid)
Action: moves the head up ; flexion and rotation of the head
Origin: clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process
47
AOI Pectoralis Major
Action: Adduction and medial rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint
Origin: Clavicle
Insertion: Humerus
48
AOI Deltoid
Action: Abduction, flexion and medial rotation of the upper arm at the shoulder joint
Origin: Clavicle and upper scapula
Insertion: Shaft of the humerus
49
AOI Trapezius
Action: supports the arm and moves the scapula up and down
Origin: Occipital bone and cervical spine
Insertion: Clavicle and scapula
50
AOI Rectus Abdominus
Action: flexion of the vertebral column and the compression of the abdomen
Origin: pubic bone
Insertion: ribs and sternum
51
AOI Quadriceps
52
AOI Hamstrings
53
AOI Latissimus Dorsi
Action: drives the arm inferiorly (swimmers muscle)
Origin: throacic and lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: mid humerus
54
AOI Gluteus Maximus
Action: Extension and lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint
Origin: iliac crest
Insertion: femur
55
Spasm
involuntarty contraction, usually painless
56
Cramps
involuntary, often painful; lack of blood flow to the muscle
57
Myosclerosis
hardening of the muscle that causes calcification
58
Myofibrosis
muscle fiber gets replaced by alot of connective tissue
59
CNS
central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal chord
60
PNS
peripheral nervous system is made up of peripheral nerves and the cranial nerves, nerves outside of the central nervous sytem
61
Afferent Systems
sensory; system carries infromation to the central nervous system
62
Efferent Systems
motor; system carries information away from the central nervous system
It has two main divisions:
the somatic nervous system (skin and skeletal muscles) , which controls voluntary movement
and
the autonomic nervous system (functioning sympathetic and parasympathetic), which regulates involuntary responses.
63
Glial Cell
support,nurture, and protect the neuron
63
Nerve Cell
conducting pulses
64
Enteric Nervous System
nervous system of the GI tract; their neurons function independently from the CNS and the PNS
65
Oligodendrocytes
Supporting Cells/ Neuroglial cells
most common glial cell types; form the myelin sheath
66
Astrocyte
Supporting Cells/ Neuroglial cells
star shaped cells, form the blood brain barrier, regulate potassium balance and provide structural support
67
Microglia Cells
play the phagocytic role; clear away the dead cells; derived from cells that give rise to macrophages and monocytes
68
Ependymal Cells
produce the cerebral spinal fluid
69
Satellite Cells
support the neurons in the PNS
70
Schwann Cells
produce the myelin sheath of the PNS
71
Gray Matter
demyelinated; does not have the myelin sheath
72
White Matter
myelinated; contains tyhe myelin sheath
73
Dura Matter
the superficial thick membrane of the spinal chord; forms the epidural space
74
Arachnoid Matter
very thin has the subdural space
75
Pia Matter
deepest of spinal chord; bound to the spinal chord surface
76
Stretch Reflex
the simplest reflexes; knee jerk reflex
77
Withdrawal Reflex
when you move a body part from painful stimulus; pain receptors detect it and that results in contracting a muscle when you withdraw the limb
78
Parasympathetic Nervous System
subcomponents of the ANS; rest and digest
79
Sympathetic Nervous System
subcomponents of the autonomic nervous system; fight or flight
80
CSF Fluid
cerebral spinal fluid; a clear liquid that has glucose, proteins and ions; provides mechanical and chemical protection; circulates throughout
81
Blood Brain Barrier
composed of the least permeable capillaries in the whole body ; metabolic waste (urea and drugs) are prevented from entering the brain tissue; useless against fats, respiratory gasses and fat solubles, and molecules that go through the plasma membrane; alcohol, nicotine and anasthetics affect the brain
82
Cerebrum
Frontal lobe: Primary motor area
Broca's Area: ability to speak
Parietal lobe: area for pain, cold, light, touch and speech
Occipital lobe: visual area
Temporal lobe: Auditory, memory and offaction
83
Corpos Collosum
fiber tracks; connect the two hemispheres together; right and left hemisphere of the cerebrum
84
Basal Nuclei
regulates your voluntary motor problem; when you're unable to walk; area affected by parkinsons disease
85
Diencephalon
Made up of the:
Thalamus: recognizes pain, touch and temperature
Hypothalamus: regulates food, fluid intake and maintains walking state and sleep patterns
86
Brain Stems
Made up of the :
Mid Brain: involved in vision and hearing
Pons: involved in breathing control
Medulla: involved in regulating heart rate, swallowing, vomiting, and breathing
87
Cerebellum
sense of equillibrium is affected;corrects voluntary muscle contractions and postures
88
Cranial Nerves
Name number and sensory or motor
Cranial Nerve 1: factory, sensory
Cranial Nerve 2: optic, sensory
Cranial Nerve 3: Occular, motor
Cranial Nerve 4: trochlear, motor
Cranial Nerve 5: trigeminal, motor and sensory
Cranial Nerve 6: abducens, motor
Cranial Nerve 7: facial, motor and sensory
Cranial Nerve 8: vestibulocochlear, sensory
Cranial Nerve 9: glossopharyngeal, sensory and motor
Cranial Nerve 10: vagus, sensory and motor
Cranial Nerve 11: accesory, motor
Cranial Nerve 12: hypoglossal, motor
89
Brain Injuries
concussion: a temporary loss of conciousness
contusion: bruising of the brain
laceration: tearing of the brain
90
Alzheimers Disease
leads to dementia, loss of reasoning, ability to read/write/talk
91
Cerebral Vascular Accident
two types of stroke
Ischemic: decrease in the blood flow
Hemorrhagic: blood vessel ruptures
Risk factors: high blood pressure, cholestrol, smoking, obesity, and alcohol
92
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Mom drinks during pregnancy and the negative impact it has on the baby
