Test 3 Flashcards by Brittni Barnes

What are the 3 groups of bones in the feet and what make up each?

Hind Foot: Talas & Calcaneus
Mid Foot: Navicular & Cuboid & 3 Cuneiforms
Forefoot: Metatarsals & Phalanges

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What is the overall function of the ankle?

provides a stable base
provides a rigid lever for propulsion
provides shock absorption
allows you to accommodate to various terrains and gives balance

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What mm is the Hind Foot responsible for?

Makes initial contact with ground during gait

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What mm is the Mid Foot responsible for?

Provides stability and mobility as movement is transmitted from hind foot to forefoot

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What mm is the Forefoot responsible for?

Adapts to surfaces and is the last part of foot to leave the ground during gait

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What % of weight bearing does the Tibia and Fibula responsible for?

Tibia- 90%

Fibula- 10%

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What are the 3 joints at the ankle/foot?

Talocrual Joint
Talocalcaneal Joint or Subtalar Joint
Transverse Tarsal Joint

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Talocrual Joint (ankle joint): where is it located, what mm occurs and what is its importance?

Location: talus, distal fibula, distal tibia

MM: 30-50* plantar flexion and 20* dorsiflexion only

Importance: it has static and dynamic stabilizers that prevent excessive motion

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Talocalcaneal Joint (Subtalar joint): where is it located, what mm occurs and what is its importance?

Location: talas and calcaneus

MM: gliding jt allows inversion (2x more) and eversion only

Importance: functional in wt bearing is critical for dampening rotational forces imposed by body wt while maintaining contact of the foot to the surface

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Transverse Tarsal Joint: where is it located, what mm occurs and what is its importance?

Location: calcaneal/cuboid and talus/navicular

MM: inversion and eversion

Importance: allows the forefoot to get to the ground no matter what

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Static stabilizers: Deltoid Lig. prevent what motion? Anterior Talofibular and Calcaneofibular Lig prevent what motion?

Deltoid: Prevent EVERSION

Anterior Talo & Calcaneo: Prevent INVERSION

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Dynamic Stabilizers prevent what?

Prevent excessive motion in the opposite direction

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What Dynamic Stabilizers are used in the following: Dorsiflexion, Plantar Flexion, Inversion and Eversion?

Dorsiflexion: Gastrocnemius and Soleus

Plantar Flexion: Tibialis Anterior, Ext Hallicus Longus, Ext Digitorum Longus

Inversion: Peronius Longus, Brevis, Tertius

Eversion: Tibialis Posterior, Flex Hallicus Longus, Flex Digitorum Longus

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Static Stabilizer are always what?

Ligaments

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Dynamic Stabilizers are always what?

Muscles

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What position is the foot stale and mobile?

Stable: Supinated

Mobile: Pronated

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Supination involves what mm in OKC?

Inversion, adduction and plantar flexion

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Pronation involves what mm in OKC?

Dorsiflexion, abduction, eversion

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What is the overall function of the Metatarsalphalangeal joints?

Allows foot to maintain contact with the ground as heel comes off

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What are the 6 Plantar Arches? What is their function?

Function: help support the foot

Longitudinal- calcaneus to toes

Transverse- 1st, 2nd, 3rd Cuneiforms and cuboid

Spring Lig- calcaneonavicular Lig opposes flattening of medial arch and supports talus

Long Plantar Lig- calcaneus to cuboid forward to metatarsals

Metatarsal- across ball of foot

Plantar Aponeurosis- calcaneus to phalanges

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Define Pes Planus

Flat foot

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Define Pes Cavus

High arch foot, prone to plantar fasciitis

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Define Plantar Fasciitis

Irritation of the plantar fascia

Pain usually in the am when you get out of bed or overuse or poor arch support

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Define Hallux Valgus

Bunion lateral deviation of MP jt

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Define Claw Toe

Hyper extension of MP and flexion of IP

Define Hammer Toe

Hyper extension of MP and DIP and flexion of PIP

What are the 7 bones in the feet?

``` Calcaneus Talas Navicular Cuboid 1st cuneiform 2nd cuneiform 3rd cuneiform ```

If you have a 1st* sprain what Lig is affected?

If you have a 2nd* sprain what Lig is affected?

If you have a 3rd* sprain what Lig is affected?

If you invert the calcaneus what have to done to the foot?

Foot supination

If you evert the calcaneus what have you done to the foot?

Foot pronation

When you start at a squatting position and move to standing position what happens at the hip, knee and ankle?

Hip- ext Knee- ext Ankle- plantar flex

When you start in a standing position and you move into a squat what happens at the hip, knee and ankle?

Hip- flex Knee- flex Ankle- dorsiflexion

What are the bones of the knee?

Femur and tibia

How do the femoral condyles roll in knee flexion and extension?

They roll posteriorly while sliding anteriorly with knee flexion on a fixed tibia Vice versa for extension

The Medial Plateau is how much larger than the Lateral Plateau?

50% larger

What is the function of the Meniscus?

- absorb 50-60% loading | - thicker to help increase joint congruency

What is the shape of the Medial Meniscus?

Semi circular in the shape of a "C" Attaches to the capsule and is less mobile

What is the shape of the Lateral Meniscus?

It is 4/5ths of a complete ring. "O" shaped and is more mobile.

What does the Medial Menisci attach too?

MCL, ACL, and semimembranosis | Medial collateral ligament (Anterior cruciate ligament)

What does the Lateral Menisci attach too?

Popliteus and PCL | Posterior cruciate ligament

What is the most common ligament to tear?

ACL Anterior cruciate ligament

What usually tears along with if the MCL is torn?

MCL Medial collateral ligament

What is the function of a bursa?

Reduces friction

Where is the Pes Anserine Bursa located?

Say Grace @ Supertime Semitendinosus Gracilis Sartorius

Define Q Angle

Is the line from ASIS to mid patella and mid patella to tibial Tuberosity

What is the normal Q Angel for men and women?

``` Men= 10* Women= 15-20* ```

If the Q Angel is greater than normal

Genu Valgus

If the Q Angel is smaller than normal

Genu Varus

Knock knee people have what?

Genu Valgus

Bow legged people have what?

Genu Varus

Hyper extension of the knee is what?

Genu Recurvatum

The MCL prevents what type of stresses?

Valgus stresses

The LCL prevents what types of stresses?

Varus stresses

What is the dynamic stabilizer for the MCL?

Pes Anserine (semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius) The more we move into knee flexion , the more they come into play

What is the dynamic stabilizer for the LCL?

IT band, biceps Femoris Push in to stabilize

What is the dynamic stabilizer for the ACL?

Hamstrings Pull back to stabilize

The ACL prevents what from happening?

Prevents anterior translation of tibia on femur

If the tibia is planted what mm will the hamstrings prevent?

Prevent posterior displacement of femur

The PCL prevents what mm?

Posterior displacement of tibia on femur

What is the dynamic stabilizer of the PCL?

The quadriceps

The quadriceps do what mm to stabilize PCL?

Pull forward to stabilize posterior

If the tibia is planted what mm is the dynamic stabilizer (quads) going to prevent?

Stabilizes anterior displacement of the femur

What is the function of the patella?

Makes a greater line of pull to contract the muscles

What are the 5 patella abnormalities and give description

1. Patella Femoral Syndrome: tracking problems mostly laterally due to lateral pull or shift. 2. Patella Instability: Subluxing patella due to lateral pull and hyper mobile patella. Young gymnast. 3. Plica Syndrome: thickening of plica on medial side or plica gets irritated due to excessive flex/ext. 4. ITB Syndrome: ITB gets irritated due to Varus stress 5. Traction Apohysitis: Osgood-Schlaters: inflammation of tibial Tuberosity

What will be tight is you have an anterior tilt? (Increased lordosis)

Tight hip flexors or tight low back

What will be tight is you have an posterior tilt? (Decreased lordosis)

Tights abbs or tight hamstrings

Passive insufficiency occurs over how many joints?

What is Closed Pack position of the hip?

Full extension, adduction and IR

The femur faces superior how many degrees?

125*

The femur is medially and anteriorly how many degrees?

15-20*

What is the convex concave rule for the hip?

The convex femur articulates with the concave acetabulum

Define The Angle of Inclination

It is the angle between the shaft and head of the femur

What is the normal Angle of Inclination in an adult?

120-125*

If an adult has an angle greater than 125* what is this known as?

Coxa Valgus

If an adult has an angle less than 125* what is this known as?

Coxa Varus

If an adult has Coxa Valgus what injury are the prone to getting?

Dislocation

If an adult has Coxa Varus what injury are the prone to getting?

Fracture

Define Anteversion

Femoral condyles face medially. Knees are in.

Define Retroversion

Femoral condyles face laterally. Knees are out.

If you have Anteversion what do they call you?

Pigeon toed

If you have Retroversion what do they call you?

Duck footed

What position is Maximal Congruence of the hip and pelvis?

Frog position. Knee flexion and ER

What is the strongest ligament in the body and what are the 3 names it goes by? What does is limit?

Iliofemoral ligament, Y ligament or ligament of Bigelow Limits hyperextension

Is the hip joint most functional in OKC or CKC?

Closed kinetic chain

Define Lumbopelvic Rhythm

Describes the open chain in the hip, pelvis, and lumbar spine where the coordinated activity of the segments produces a larger ROM than might be available to one segment alone

Where are the Femoral and Sciatic nerves located?

Femoral- front | Sciatic- back

What is the Reversal Muscle Action with Single Leg Stance?

The right hip abductors contract to keep pelvis level

Define Trendelenburg Phenomena. What is Compensated and Uncompensated?

Occurs due to gluteus medias weakness Compensated= when trunk leans over to weak side Uncompensated= when hip drops on opposite side

What is the weakness in Trendelenburg?

Stance leg is weak Drop on stances leg because you can't fire abductors on stance side

Define Scew Home Mechanism

In OKC this principle occurs in the last 30* of extension. Tibia will ER on femur. In CKC the femur will IR on tibia

What muscle is key to unlocking knee from full extension by IR the tibia in OKC?

Popliteus muscle

If you have Coxa Varus at the hip what do you have at the knee?

Genu Valgus

If you have Coxa Valgus at the hip what do you have at the knee?

Genu Varus